Acidified nitrite improves wound healing in type 2 diabetic rats: Role of oxidative stress and inflammation

Purpose: Decreased nitric oxide bioavailability in skin contributes to impaired wound healing in type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aims at determining effects of acidified nitrite on wound closure as well as inflammatory and antioxidants markers in wound tissue of rats with T2D. Main methods: Skin wound was made on the back of rats 28 days after the induction of T2D (high-fat diet/low-dose of streptozotocin). Control and diabetic rats were subdivided into two subgroups: Untreated control (C), acidified nitrite-treated control (CN), untreated diabetes (D), and acidified nitrite-treated diabetes (DN). Acidified nitrite was applied once daily from day 3 to day 28 and the wounds were photographed for macroscopic changes. On days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after wounding, wound levels of inflammatory and antioxidant markers were measured. Results: Half closure time (CT50) was significantly lower in acidified nitrite-treated diabetic rats compared to untreated ones (5.1 vs. 8.0 days, P < 0.001). Inflammatory response was delayed in diabetic rats and persistent inflammatory response was observed at day 14 after wounding. Acidified nitrite application restored the inflammatory response and antioxidant levels to control values. Conclusions: Acidified nitrite accelerated wound healing in rats with T2D by restoring delayed inflammatory response and augmentation of antioxidant defense. © 2020 Elsevier Inc

Amplitude of accommodation and add power in an adult population of Tehran, Iran

Purpose: To determine add power (AP) and amplitude of accommodation (AA) in a sample of Iranian population and its relationship with refractive errors Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled people of 35-70 years old by simple random sampling. Exclusion criteria were myopia or hyperopia over 6 diopter (D) and astigmatism more than 0.75 D. Those with a history of eye disorders and taking certain medicines that affect on vision were excluded. After correcting refractive errors, distance and near visual acuity (VA) and APs were determined considering subject's age and AA at a distance of 33 cm. The AA was measured using a Royal Air Force (RAF) rule with push up method. Results: Of 422 participants, 205 (48.6) were males with a mean age of 50.2±8.8 years old, mean AP of 1.57±0.82 D, and average AA of 3.48±2.5 D. For each year of age, AP raised 0.1 D and AA decreased to 0.23 D (p<0.001). The need for AP occurs when AA was less than 6 D. Conclusion: The results of this study showed the distributions of AP and AA in a sample of Iranian population. The AA in this study was mid-range in comparison with other studies. It was found that females became presbyopic earlier than males and hyperopes became presbyopic earlier than emmetropes and myopes. These results pointed out that decreasing in AA less than 6 D requires AP. © 2013 by the Iranian Society of Ophthalmology