Oropharyngeal microbiota profi ling in chronic tonsillitis patients receiving polyvalent pyobacteriophage: A non-randomised experimental clinical trial

Background. Recent years have witnessed a 1.5–1.8-fold growth of chronic palatine tonsillitis. Choosing optimal treatment remains relevant in this illness despite ample research and improvement in therapy and diagnosis.Objectives. An analysis of oropharyngeal microflora in chronic tonsillitis patients receiving a polyvalent pyobacteriophage treatment.Methods. A total of 126 patients diagnosed with compensated chronic tonsillitis were followed up over 2018–2021. Qualitative and quantitative traits of oropharyngeal microflora have been assessed at baseline, immediately upon completion and past 3 months of treatment. The patients were separated between two cohorts: the main one (n = 65) had palatine tonsil lacunae irrigation with a Tonsillor MM unit and received polyvalent pyobacteriophage, while the comparison cohort (n = 61) only had palatine tonsil lacunae sanitation with Tonsillor MM. The trial included a control healthy volunteers cohort. Pearson’s chi-square method was used for statistical analyses with the SPSS 23 software. Statistical significance was obtained at p < 0.05.Results. Quantitative comparisons of microbiotic strain persistence in tonsillar mucosa (isolation rate, microbial colonisation density) showed a significant prevalence of enterobacterial staphylococci and ß-haemolytic streptococci, Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria and fungi in chronic tonsillitis patients compared to the control cohort (p < 0.05). Therapy positively impacted microbiota vs. control, but the best effect was observed with polyvalent pyobacteriophage. Microbiological assays in dynamic patient follow-up demonstrated stability of the results attained. The Tonsillor MM sanitation cohort revealed a 2–3 degree dysbiosis in 47.5% (29) patients in 3 months, while the polyvalent pyobacteriophage cohort only had 7.7% (5) such patients (p <  0.01).Conclusion. The trial demonstrates efficacy and relevance of pyobacteriophage treatment in chronic tonsillitis, primarily at the microenvironmental level

Methods of Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of New 4-Alkyl-3-Nitro-1,4-Dihydroazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]Triazin-4-ols

[Figure not available: see fulltext.] An azo coupling reaction of α-nitro ketones with 5-diazoazoles was used to obtain 4-alkyl-3-nitro-1,4-dihydroazolo[5,1-с][1,2,4]triazines, which were characterized with respect to their antiviral activity against influenza and Coxsackie B3 viruses. © 2021, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.This study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 20-13-00142)

Проблема химиорезистентности PRAME-экспрессирующей клетки меланомы и способ ее преодоления c помощью бортезомиба

Background. PRAME gene spontaneous expression is frequently observed in a cancer cell. The protein encoded by this gene increases  the viability of tumour cell. NF-κB signalling pathway takes part in PRAME upregulation. It proposes, that stress conditions may increase the expression level of PRAME in the tumour cell and increase cell’s viability after it. We hypothesized that this phenomenon determines chemoresistance of PRAME-expressing cell, which can be overcome by NF-κB inhibitors, such as bortezomib.Materials and methods. We incubated A875 melanoma cells with cisplatin, bortezomib and dexamethasone, as well as with a mixture  of cisplatin with bortezomib and cisplatin with dexamethasone within 24 hours. To assess the cytotoxicity of these combinations MTT-test was used. For evaluation of PRAME expression level, real-time polymerase chain reaction was used. All data were analyzed with Wilcoxon test for coupled samples.Results. It was found that cisplatin and dexamethasone increased an expression level of PRAME compared to control (p <0.03). The addition of dexamethasone to cisplatin reduced cytotoxic effect of cisplatin. Bortezomib has a cytotoxic effect, but it did not increase the activity  of PRAME gene (p = 0.12). PRAME gene activity in cells incubated with a mixture of cisplatin and bortezomib was observed at a lower level in comparison with cells incubated with cisplatin (p = 0.0277).Conclusion. The results of experiments show that an increase of PRAME expression level reduces the sensitivity of melanoma cells to the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin. PRAME activity increases under stress conditions. Using of bortezomib can inhibit the growth of PRAME expression and makes the tumour cell more vulnerable to cytotoxic agents. On the other hand, dexamethasone may increase a resistance  of PRAME-expressing cell to cytotoxic effects.Введение. В настоящее время показано, что активность раково-тестикулярного гена PRAME, характерная только для опухолевой клетки, может контролироваться сигнальным каскадом NF-κB. Белок PRAME увеличивает жизнеспособность опухолевой клетки. Отсюда следует, что стрессовые условия могут повышать уровень экспрессии PRAME и увеличивать жизнеспособность опухолевой клетки. Мы предположили, что данный феномен определяет химиорезистентность PRAME-экспрессирующей клетки. Эту резистентность можно преодолеть ингибиторами NF-κB-пути, такими как бортезомиб.Материалы и методы: инкубирование в течение суток клеток меланомы линии A875 с цисплатином, бортезомибом и дексаметазоном, смесью цисплатина и бортезомиба, а также со смесью цисплатина и дексаметазона. Для оценки цитотоксичности применяемых препаратов использовали МТТ-тест, уровня экспрессии гена PRAME – полимеразную цепную реакцию в реальном времени. Анализ данных проводили с помощью критерия Вилкоксона для связанных выборок.Результаты. Установлено, что цисплатин и дексаметазон увеличивают уровень экспрессии PRAME по сравнению с клетками меланомы линии A875, не подвергнутыми действию экспериментальных веществ (p <0,03). Добавление дексаметазона к цисплатину снижает цитотоксический эффект последнего. Бортезомиб обладает цитотоксическим действием, но практически не увеличивал активность гена PRAME (p = 0,12). В клетках, инкубированных со смесью цисплатина и бортезомиба, активность гена PRAME находилась на более низком уровне по сравнению с клетками, инкубированными с цисплатином (p = 0,0277).Заключение. Результаты экспериментов показывают, что увеличение уровня экспрессии гена PRAME снижает чувствительность клеток к цитотоксическому действию цисплатина. Активность PRAME увеличивается в условиях стресса. Применение бортезомиба препятствует росту уровня экспрессии PRAME и делает опухолевую клетку более уязвимой к цитотоксическим агентам. С другой стороны, дексаметазон может увеличить резистентность PRAME-экспрессирующей клетки к цитотоксическому воздействию цисплатина

Mutations in a 23S rRNA Gene of Chlamydia trachomatis Associated with Resistance to Macrolides

For six clinical isolates of Chlamydia trachomatis, in vitro susceptibility to erythromycin, azithromycin, and josamycin has been determined. Four isolates were resistant to all the antibiotics and had the mutations A2058C and T2611C (Escherichia coli numbering) in the 23S rRNA gene. All the isolates had mixed populations of bacteria that did and did not carry 23S rRNA gene mutations

Acellbia® and Mabtera® are recognize CD20-positive cells with equal efficiency

In present study were compared characteristics of rituximab produced by Hoffmann–La Roche (Mabtera®) and first domestic biosimilar Acellbia® from Biocad Company. Concentration of protein was measured using Bradford, s method. According to our results, protein concentration in formulations was the same. We electrophoresed formulations in denaturing conditions. Protein from formulations was denatured into fragments. Heavy and light chains of immunoglobulin were observed in gel. Finally, we performed flow cytometry where rituximab was used as primary antibody to detect CD20-positive B-cells of patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Both Mabtera® and Acellbia® recognized the same number of cells. Thus, assays performed in vitro submitted identity of Mabtera® and Acellbia® characteristics