467 research outputs found
Economic Vision of Allama Iqbal
Allama Iqbal used both poetry and prose in Persian, Urdu and
English to convey his multi-dimensional feelings and thoughts. According
to one scholar, “Iqbal was a humanist and true citizen of the world. His
works testify to his acknowledged roles as poet and philosopher,
educator and student of cultures, lawyer and politician, missionary and
visionary, psychologist and sociologist, freedom fighter and inspirer of
a new nation, scholar and a man of action, mystic, seer and statesman”.1
As an all time great poet, Allama Iqbal had two shining
characteristics—an artistic one that presents poetry for leisurely
enjoyment and a visionary one that propels inspirational beams for
action and reform. As a great poet he also had a huge canvas to paint
on, and his subjects are big issues like humanity. In most of his
writings Allama Iqbal talks about the significance of man and his
dignity, freedom not only from political subjugation and intellectual
servility but also from hunger, ignorance, physical and spiritual
illnesses and other social and economic development issues facing the
poor and the weak nations of the East. As a universal humanist, Allama
Iqbal waged a relentless struggle to promote and defend human
self-esteem. Some scholars believe that “even his advocacy of Pakistan
was really based on humanist considerations”. He could not bear to see
one religions group dominating another simply because of numerical
majority.
Testing Onion Market Integration in Pakistan
This paper analyses spatial market integration using monthly wholesale real price of onion in four regional markets located in each of the four provinces of Pakistan. Unit root test indicates that the price series in each location are stationary, and the series are represented as autoregressive model for eachlocation. The error correction model results show that the regional markets of onion have strong price linkages, and thus are spatially integrated.
Measuring Production Function and Technical Efficiency of Onion, Tomato, and Chillies Farms in Sindh, Pakistan
Pakistan is blessed with vast agricultural resources on
account of its fertile land, well-irrigated plains, huge irrigation
system and infrastructure, variety of weathers, and centuries old
experiences of farming. Agriculture is the single largest sector of the
economy which contributes 20.9 percent in GDP and employees 43.4 percent
of total work force. The estimated GDP of agricultural crops at current
factor cost is Rs 1,608,522 million with major crops contributing Rs
579996 million and minor crops valued at Rs 191,835 million for the year
2006-07 [Pakistan (2007)]. The horticulture crops (fruits, vegetables
and condiments) alone contribute Rs 116.645 billion, equivalent to US 134 million (2003-04), of which
fruits account for US 25.7
million (19.2 percent) and fruit and vegetable preparations (mostly
juices) US$ 5.6 million which is 4.2 percent [Pakistan (2004)]
Discrete-time repetitive optimal control: Robotic manipulators
This paper proposes a discrete-time repetitive optimal control of electrically driven robotic manipulators using an uncertainty estimator. The proposed control method can be used for performing repetitive motion, which covers many industrial applications of robotic manipulators. This kind of control law is in the class of torque-based control in which the joint torques are generated by permanent magnet dc motors in the current mode. The motor current is regulated using a proportional-integral controller. The novelty of this paper is a modification in using the discrete-time linear quadratic control for the robot manipulator, which is a nonlinear uncertain system. For this purpose, a novel discrete linear time-variant model is introduced for the robotic system. Then, a time-delay uncertainty estimator is added to the discrete-time linear quadratic control to compensate the nonlinearity and uncertainty associated with the model. The proposed control approach is verified by stability analysis. Simulation results show the superiority of the proposed discrete-time repetitive optimal control over the discrete-time linear quadratic control
Discrete time robust control of robot manipulators in the task space using adaptive fuzzy estimator
This paper presents a discrete-time robust control for electrically driven robot manipulators in the task space. A novel discrete-time model-free control law is proposed by employing an adaptive fuzzy estimator for the compensation of the uncertainty including model uncertainty, external disturbances and discretization error. Parameters of the fuzzy estimator are adapted to minimize the estimation error using a gradient descent algorithm. The proposed discrete control is robust against all uncertainties as verified by stability analysis. The proposed robust control law is simulated on a SCARA robot driven by permanent magnet dc motors. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the control approach
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