Nuevos retos en el estudio de los acuíferos costeros desde la modelación numérica. El caso del acuífero Motril-Salobreña

Coastal aquifers are frequently complex systems with highly heterogeneous geological charac teristics, specific flow patterns, presence of fluids with different densities, high risk of contamina tion both by salinization and by other pollutants, and highly modified by anthropic activity. Given this situation, numerical modeling becomes the most appropriate tool to determine the potential impact of global change on marine intrusion in this kind of aquifers. The mathematical models traditionally used in coastal aquifers have been those of flow and mass transport with variable density, which allow obtaining a distribution of salinities in the aquifer and reproducing the flow pattern in the area of discharge to the sea. In addition to these models, another type of numerical modeling can be applied that could also provide information on specific aspects of this type of aquifers. The study of the Motril-Salobreña coastal aquifer shows, for example, how heat trans port models allow quantifying the recharge that occurs from rivers that frequently interact with coastal aquifers; as well as the age transport models provide data on the preferential groundwa ter circulation paths and its residence time, very relevant information in these frequently hetero geneous and anisotropic aquifers. Future challenges are directed towards determining the ef fects of sea level rise on marine intrusion and establishing the degree of equilibrium of the freshwater-saltwater contact with the current situationProyecto CGL2016-77503-R financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e InnovaciónGrupo de investigación de la Junta de Andalucía RNM-36

Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions in “La Charca de Suárez” Wetlands, Spain

La Charca de Suárez (LCS) is a Protected Nature Reserve encompassing 4 lagoons located 300 m from the Mediterranean coast in southern Spain. LCS is a highly anthropized area, and its conservation is closely linked to the human use of water resources in its surroundings and within the reserve. Different methodologies were applied to determine the hydrodynamics of the lagoons and their connection to the Motril-Salobreña aquifer. Fieldwork was carried out to estimate the water balance of the lagoon complex, the groundwater flow directions, the lagoons-aquifer exchange flow and the hydrochemical characteristics of the water. The study focussed on the changes that take place during dry-wet periods that were detected in a 7-month period when measurements were collected. The lagoons were connected to the aquifer with a flow-through functioning under normal conditions. However, the predominant inlet to the system was the anthropic supply of surface water which fed one of the lagoons and produced changes in its flow pattern. Sea wave storms also altered the hydrodynamic of the lagoon complex and manifested a future threat to the conservation status of the wetland according to predicted climate change scenarios. This research presents the first study on this wetland and reveals the complex hydrological functioning of the system with high spatially and temporally variability controlled by climate conditions and human activity, setting a corner stone for future studies.This study was supported by grant CGL2016-77503-R from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), cofounded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) of the European Union (EU), and the RNM-369 research group of the regional government of Andalusia

PROMOCIÓN DEL AUTOCUIDADO EN TRABAJADORES INMIGRANTES DEL SECTOR DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN EN LA REGIÓN DE MURCIA.

This research was developed from a qualitative study of in-depth interviews with immigrant construction workers from different origins. The aim was to explore the way that the worker's sociocultural baggage influences the risk perception within the occupational area. Through data analysis it was found that there is scarcely any difference about corporal perception between prevention experts and immigrant workers, as they both establish a common category: corporal fragility. That is, therefore, an issue to be explored and exploited by those professional nurses whose work environment allows the selfcare promotion of the workers.El trabajo que se presenta parte del análisis cualitativo de entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a obreros de la construcción de diverso origen, con el objeto de explorar la forma en la que el bagaje sociocultural del trabajador influye en la percepción de los riesgos dentro del ámbito laboral. A partir del análisis realizado, advertimos que en el ámbito de la percepción corporal, apenas existe distanciamiento entre los expertos en prevención y trabajadores inmigrantes, ya que ambos se apoyan en una categoría común: la fragilidad corporal. Un elemento a explorar y explotar por los profesionales de Enfermería, que en su medio laboral han de promocionar el autocuidado de los trabajadores

Groundwater recharge-discharge estimation with differential flow gaugings in the final stretch of the Guadalfeo river (Granada)

Las interacciones entre las aguas subterráneas y las superficiales son muy complejas y dependen de múltiples factores. La dependencia mutua de ambos cuerpos de agua crea la necesidad de tratarlos como un único sistema. El río Guadalfeo constituye la principal recarga del acuífero Motril-Salobreña, y su caudal depende de la actividad antrópica y de un clima variable. Este estudio se centra en un año completo, de noviembre de 2017 a octubre de 2018, y presenta por primera vez el comportamiento del río en detalle. Para ello, se realizó una campaña mensual de aforos diferenciales en 5 puntos del río, y se analizó el carácter influente o efluente del río por tramos. Además, las medidas de nivel freático sirvieron para relacionar las pérdidas o ganancias del río con el comportamiento del acuíferoGroundwater-surface water interactions are very complex and dependent on multiple factors. The mutual dependence of both water bodies create the need for treating them as a unique system. The Guadalfeo river is the main entrance of water to the Motril-Salobreña aquifer, and it relies on the anthropogenic activity and on the variable climate of the area. This study presents the detailed behavior of the river during an entire year, since November 2017 to October 2018. To that end, differential flow gaugings were made at 5 points of the river to finally analyze its effluent-influent behaviour by sections. Furthermore, the groundwater level measurements allowed to relate the gains or losses of the river flow with the aquifer behavio

Omic approaches in environmental risk assessment

Resumen de la comunicación presentada al XX Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Mutagénesis Ambiental – Córdoba 201

A first overview of the groundwater-surface water interaction in La Charca de Suárez (Granada, Southeast of Spain)

La Reserva Natural Concertada de La Charca de Suárez es un humedal costero situado al sur de España. El complejo lagunar comprende 8 lagunas que se encuentran en zonas ligeramente deprimidas del acuífero Motril-Salobreña, donde el nivel freático intersecta la topografía. La hidrodinámica del sistema fue analizada en 4 de las 8 lagunas mediante el análisis de datos de elevación de nivel piezométrico, descarga de agua subterránea medida con exfiltrómetros, flujos superficiales y condiciones climáticas. Los resultados muestran diferencias en la interacción con el agua subterránea para cada una de las lagunas. Además, se pueden observar cambios estacionales y eventuales que indican la necesidad de un seguimiento continuo de la red de control en el humedadThe Charca de Suárez Nature Reserve is a coastal wetland located in the south of Spain. The wetland complex is composed of 8 lakes in a lowland area of the Motril-Salobreña aquifer, where the watertable is near to the surface topography. The hydrodynamic of this system was analyzed in 4 of the 8 lagoons based on water table elevation, seepage meter measurements, surficial flow and climatic conditions. The results showed differences in the interaction with groundwater for each of the lakes conforming the wetland. Also, seasonal and event related changes can be observed, which indicates the necessity of continuous measurements in the wetlan

ALGUNAS REFLEXIONES SOBRE LA ENSEÑANZA DE LA HISTORIA EN ENFERMERÍA.

The opinion standing for the uselessness of historic knowledge equals to state the irrelevance of Humanistic Sciences related to the advances of Humanity and Nursing. This myth could be shown by the consideration of the subject ‘History of Nursing’ as a ‘soft’ subject compared with others. This would take us to identify the economical-technical usefulness with progress, to the detriment of others areas of knowledge which cover different utility criteria. Consequently, the interest shown by Nursing students and their environment (family, friends, partners) towards historic knowledge is an important matter for the professional Nursing development as an intellectual speculative discipline. Our first investigation hypothesis attempts to prove this sociocultural happening within a sample of students from first to third year of their Degree in Nursing, matriculated at the Nursing Schools of the University of Murcia. We developed a descriptive research by the use of a written questionnaire which inquired about personal data of the own students and their relatives (sex, age, grade of studies, etc…) and by an assessment of the subjects from the study program according to the importance found to their education as future nurses. It was completed during February 2003, under participating observation.La opinión de que el conocimiento histórico no es útil (1) equivale a la irrelevancia de las ciencias humanísticas con relación al avance de la humanidad y de la Enfermería. Este paradigma explicativo se reflejaría en la consideración académica de la asignatura Historia de la Enfermería como una asignatura “blanda” frente a otras de carácter técnico-clínico-instrumental. Lo que nos llevaría a identificar lo útil económico-técnico con el progreso, en detrimento de otras áreas de conocimiento que responden a otros criterios de utilidad (1,2,3). Consecuentemente, la consideración prestada por el alumno de Enfermería y su entorno cercano (familia, amigos, compañeros) al conocimiento histórico es un factor importante en el desarrollo de la profesión enfermera como una disciplina intelectual y, por ende, con dimensión especulativa. Nuestra hipótesis primera de investigación intenta mostrar este fenómeno sociocultural en una muestra de alumnos/as de la Diplomatura de Enfermería, matriculados en la Universidad de Murcia, determinando el grado de importancia relativa asignado por los alumnos a la asignatura Historia de la Enfermería

Evaluation of Analytical Methods to Study Aquifer Properties with Pumping Tests in Coastal Aquifers with Numerical Modelling (Motril-Salobreña Aquifer)

Two pumping tests were performed in the unconfined Motril-Salobreña detrital aquifer in a 250 m-deep well 300 m from the coastline containing both freshwater and saltwater. It is an artesian well as it is in the discharge zone of this coastal aquifer. The two observation wells where the drawdowns are measured record the influence of tidal fluctuations, and the well lithological columns reveal high vertical heterogeneity in the aquifer. The Theis and Cooper-Jacob approaches give average transmissivity (T) and storage coefficient (S) values of 1460 m2 /d and 0.027, respectively. Other analytical solutions, modified to be more accurate in the boundary conditions found in coastal aquifers, provide similar T values to those found with the Theis and Cooper-Jacob methods, but give very different S values or could not estimate them. Numerical modelling in a synthetic model was applied to analyse the sensitivity of the Theis and Cooper-Jacob approaches to the usual boundary conditions in coastal aquifers. The T and S values calculated from the numerical modelling drawdowns indicate that the regional flow, variable pumping flows, and tidal effect produce an error of under 10 % compared to results obtained with classic methods. Fluids of different density (freshwater and saltwater) cause an error of 20 % in estimating T and of over 100 % in calculating S. The factor most affecting T and S results in the pumping test interpretation is vertical heterogeneity in sediments, which can produce errors of over 100 % in both parameters.This research has been financed by Project CGL2012-32892 (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain) and by the Research Group Sedimentary Geology and Groundwater (RNM-369) of the Junta de Andalucía

Factors which determine the hydrogeochemical behaviour of karstic springs. A case study from the Betic Cordilleras, Spain

The Cabra-Alcaide karstic massif situated in the south of Spain constitutes an important part of the so-called Natural Park of the Subbetic Sierras. This aquifer system is drained by various springs which supply a population of some 100,000 inhabitants. The feed areas of these springs show very different characteristics with respect to their geological structure, size of the drainage area, thickness of the vadose zone, elevation and degree of karstification. In addition, the carbonate rocks lie over a clayey substratum which contains large masses of intercalated evaporites. Due to these conditions, the hydrochemical composition of the springs is relatively variable. In this study a hydrogeochemical characterization of the aquifer in both space and time is undertaken and the factors that determine it are discussed. To achieve this, 19 monthly samples were taken from the 6 most significant springs of the hydrogeological system. The commencement of sampling coincided with the transition from a period of several years of severe drought and a very wet two-year period, which amplified considerably the hydrochemical and hydrodynamic response of the springs to the recharge. Identification of hydrogeochemical processes was performed by studying hydrographs, the temporal evolution of physico-chemical parameters, ionic ratios (mainly Mg/Ca) and by means of simple and multivariate statistical analyses. The saturation status was established using the WATEQF program and the mass transfer was quantified using PHREEQC. With the exception of the epikarstic subsystem (i.e. the Zarza spring), the majority of the results indicate that the aquifer exhibits a diffuse flow model, in which piston flow phenomena are seen, closely linked to the most intense precipitation. Along the direction of flow hydrochemical trends are seen as the water type changes from Ca–HCO3 to Ca–Mg–HCO3; at the same time enrichment in some ions, derived from the dissolution of evaporitic minerals of the impermeable substratum, and dedolomitization processes oc

Conditioning factors in flooding of karstic poljes—the case of the Zafarraya polje (South Spain)

The Zafarraya polje undergoes periodical flooding, of which the last episode (1996–1997) was analysed in detail on this paper. On the basis of the retention curves of the two lakes that formed in the northwestern and southwestern sectors, we calculated the total infiltration capacity of the polje to have a maximum value of 3–3.5 m3/s and so we infer that when the flow of the Arroyo de la Madre exceeds this figure, there will be a risk of flooding in the polje. We also propose a model for the 1996 flood that can be extended to other similar occurrences in this and other poljes where we can establish the role played by groundwater and surface water during this flood. In response to the heavy precipitation, the flow of the Arroyo de la Madre rose abruptly, exceeding the infiltration capacity of the main swallow holes on the polje, causing first the northern lake and then the southern lake to form with only surface water supply. The water table of the karst aquifer rose sharply, reaching a situation of equilibrium between the level in the lakes and the water table in this sector of the karst aquifer that prevented infiltration through the swallow holes. In the case of the southern lake, there were even cases of swallow holes that began to operate as estavelles. During this phase of maximum flooding, one single lake was present, which was divided into two once more when the water table of the karst aquifer in the polje sector began to fall and surface supply also began to decrease