54 research outputs found
Brillouin scattering-induced rogue waves in self-pulsing fiber lasers
We report the experimental observation of extreme instabilities in a self-pulsing fiber laser under the influence of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). Specifically, we observe temporally localized structures with high intensities that can be referred to as rogue events through their statistical behaviour with highly-skewed intensity distributions. The emergence of these SBS-induced rogue waves is attributed to the interplay between laser operation and resonant Stokes orders. As this behaviour is not accounted for by existing models, we also present numerical simulations showing that such instabilities can be observed in chaotic laser operation. This study opens up new possibilities towards harnessing extreme events in highly-dissipative systems through adapted laser cavity configurations
Profiles of Parental Burnout Around the Globe: Similarities and Differences Across 36 Countries
Parental burnout (PB) is a pervasive phenomenon. Parenting is embedded in cultural values, and previous research has shown the role of individualism in PB. In this paper, we reanalyze previously collected data to identify profiles based on the four dimensions of PB, and explore whether these profiles vary across countries' levels of collectivistic-individualistic (COL-IND) values. Our sample comprised 16,885 individuals from 36 countries (73% women; 27% men), and we used a latent profile approach to uncover PB profiles. The findings showed five profiles: Fulfilled, Not in PB, Low risk of PB, High risk of PB and Burned out. The profiles pointed to climbing levels of PB in the total sample and in each of the three country groups (High COL/Low IND, Medium COL-IND, Low COL/High IND). Exploratory analyses revealed that distinct dimensions of PB had the most prominent roles in the climbing pattern, depending on the countries' levels of COL/IND. In particular, we found contrast to be a hallmark dimension and an indicator of severe burnout for individualistic countries. Contrary to our predictions, emotional distance and saturation did not allow a clear differentiation across collectivistic countries. Our findings support several research avenues regarding PB measurement and intervention
Parenting Culture(s): Ideal-Parent Beliefs Across 37 Countries
What is it to be âan ideal parentâ? Does the answer differ across countries and social classes? To answer these questions in a way that minimizes bias and ethnocentrism, we used open-ended questions to explore ideal-parent beliefs among 8,357 mothers and 3,517 fathers from 37 countries. Leximancer Semantic Network Analysis was utilized to first determine parenting culture zones (i.e., countries with shared ideal-parent beliefs) and then extract the predominant themes and concepts in each culture zone. The results yielded specific types of ideal-parent beliefs in five parenting culture zones: being âresponsible and children/family-focusedâ for Asian parents, being âresponsible and proper demeanor-focusedâ for African parents, and being âloving and responsibleâ for Hispanic-Italian parents. Although the most important themes and concepts were the same in the final two zonesâbeing âloving and patient,â there were subtle differences: English-speaking, European Union, and Russian parents emphasized âbeing caring,â while French-speaking parents valued âlisteningâ or being âpresent.â Ideal-parent beliefs also differed by education levels within culture zones, but no general pattern was discerned across culture zones. These findings suggest that the country in which parents were born cannot fully explain their differences in ideal-parent beliefs and that differences arising from social class or education level cannot be dismissed. Future research should consider how these differences affect the validity of the measurements in question and how they can be incorporated into parenting intervention research within and across cultures
Parenting Culture(s): Ideal-Parent Beliefs Across 37 Countries
What is it to be âan ideal parentâ? Does the answer differ across countries and social classes? To answer these questions in a way that minimizes bias and ethnocentrism, we used open-ended questions to explore ideal-parent beliefs among 8,357 mothers and 3,517 fathers from 37 countries. Leximancer Semantic Network Analysis was utilized to first determine parenting culture zones (i.e., countries with shared ideal-parent beliefs) and then extract the predominant themes and concepts in each culture zone. The results yielded specific types of ideal-parent beliefs in five parenting culture zones: being âresponsible and children/family-focusedâ for Asian parents, being âresponsible and proper demeanor-focusedâ for African parents, and being âloving and responsibleâ for Hispanic-Italian parents. Although the most important themes and concepts were the same in the final two zonesâbeing âloving and patient,â there were subtle differences: English-speaking, European Union, and Russian parents emphasized âbeing caring,â while French-speaking parents valued âlisteningâ or being âpresent.â Ideal-parent beliefs also differed by education levels within culture zones, but no general pattern was discerned across culture zones. These findings suggest that the country in which parents were born cannot fully explain their differences in ideal-parent beliefs and that differences arising from social class or education level cannot be dismissed. Future research should consider how these differences affect the validity of the measurements in question and how they can be incorporated into parenting intervention research within and across cultures
Profiles of Parental Burnout Around the Globe: Similarities and Differences Across 36 Countries
Parental burnout (PB) is a pervasive phenomenon. Parenting is embedded in cultural values, and previous research has shown the role of individualism in PB. In this paper, we reanalyze previously collected data to identify profiles based on the four dimensions of PB, and explore whether these profiles vary across countriesâ levels of collectivistic-individualistic (COL-IND) values. Our sample comprised 16,885 individuals from 36 countries (73% women; 27% men), and we used a latent profile approach to uncover PB profiles. The findings showed five profiles: Fulfilled, Not in PB, Low risk of PB, High risk of PB and Burned out. The profiles pointed to climbing levels of PB in the total sample and in each of the three country groups (High COL/Low IND, Medium COL-IND, Low COL/High IND). Exploratory analyses revealed that distinct dimensions of PB had the most prominent roles in the climbing pattern, depending on the countriesâ levels of COL/IND. In particular, we found contrast to be a hallmark dimension and an indicator of severe burnout for individualistic countries. Contrary to our predictions, emotional distance and saturation did not allow a clear differentiation across collectivistic countries. Our findings support several research avenues regarding PB measurement and intervention
Population health intervention research: what is the place for pilot studies?
BACKGROUND: An international workshop on population health intervention research (PHIR) was organized to foster exchanges between experts from different disciplines and different fields. AIMS: This paper aims to summarize the discussions around one of the issues addressed: the place or role of pilot studies in PHIR. Pilot studies are well-established in biomedical research, but the situation is more ambiguous for PHIR, in which a pilot study could refer to different purposes. METHODS: The workshop included formal presentations of participants and moderated discussions. An oral synthesis was carried out by a rapporteur to validate by expert consensus the key points of the discussion and the recommendations. All discussions have been recorded and fully transcribed. DISCUSSION: PHIR generally addresses complex interventions. Thus, numerous tasks may be required to inform the intervention and test different aspects of its design and implementation. While in clinical research the pilot study mainly concerns the preparation of the trial, in PHIR the pilot study focuses on the preparation of both the intervention and the trial. In particular, pilot studies in PHIR could be used for viability evaluation and theory development. RECOMMENDATION FROM THE WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS: The following recommendations were generated by consensus from the workshop discussions: i) terms need to be clarified for PHIR; ii) reporting and publication should be standardized and transparency should be promoted; iii) the objectives and research questions should drive the methods used and be clearly stated; iv) a pilot study is generally needed for complex intervention evaluation and for research-designed programs; and v) for field-designed programs, it is important to integrate evaluability assessments as pilot studies. CONCLUSION: Pilot studies play an important role in intervention development and evaluation. In particular, they contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of intervention and the conditions of its applicability and transferability. Pilot studies could therefore facilitate evidence-based decisions about design and conduct of main studies aimed to generate evidence to inform public health policy
Les ultrasons focalisés de haute intensité dans le traitement du cancer prostatique
Les ultrasons focalisés sont connus en urologie pour leur application dans la Iithotritie extracorporelle pour le traitement des calculs urinaires. Les ultrasons focalisés de haute Intensité créent des lésions irréversibles de nécrose de coagulation et de fibrose. Cela confÚre à cette arme thérapeutique un potentiel de destruction tissulaire. La prostate étant un organe facilement accessible par voie transrectale, c'est sur elle que sont faites les premiÚres applications thérapeutiques de ce nouveau mode de traitement. Trois quarts des patients présentant un cancer localisé de la prostate ne sont pas candidats à une prostatectomie radicale et les possibilités thérapeutiques se limitent à l'hormonothérapie ou la radiothérapie aux effets secondaires non négligeables. Pour cette catégorie de patients, les ultrasons focalisés à haute intensité constituent une alternative thérapeutique peu invasive intéressante
Comparison of phosphorus (P) removal properties of materials proposed for the control of sediment p release in UK lakes
Of growing interest in the control of sediment phosphorus (P) release in lakes is the use of solid phase P-sorbing
products (PSPs) including industrial by-products and naturally occurring or modified mineral complexes.
However, there is a need to report on novel PSPs proposed by suppliers for use in lake remediation projects at
the national scale. We comparatively assessed the elemental composition and P sorption properties of six industrial waste-products (waste-products from treatment of abandoned mine waters â âred ochreâ and âblack ochreâ;
waste products from building practices: âgypsumâ, âsander dustâ, âmag dustâ and âvermiculiteâ) and one commercially available modified lanthanum (La) bentonite product (PhoslockÂź), all of which have been proposed for use
in remediation projects in UK lakes. P sorption was well described (r2>0.70) by Langmuir isotherms for all
products with the exception of âgypsumâ for which no significant P sorption was reported. P sorption capacities
ranged from 4 mg P gâ1 dry weight (d.w.) PSP (âblack ochreâ) to 63 mg gâ1 d.w. (âsander dustâ), with products
composed mainly of calcium oxide (CaO) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) (i.e. âvermiculiteâ, âmag dustâ and âsander dustâ
PSPs) having significantly higher sorption capacities than all other PSPs. Estimates of the equilibrium
P concentration (EPC0) from Langmuir isotherms indicated that all PSPs, with the exception of âgypsumâ, were
capable of reducing soluble reactive P (SRP) concentrations to b5.1 ÎŒg Lâ1. Further research and development
required to underpin regulatory policy decisions regarding the use of PSPs is discussed. Dose estimates for
each PSP required to treat a eutrophic shallow loch (40.6 ha) with persistent internal loading issues are reported
Absorption and adsorption of hydrogen in B2-FeA1: Ab initio study
International audienceUsing the density functional theory and the pseudo-potential approach, the behavior of atomic hydrogen in bulk and surface of B2-FeAl was studied. In Al-rich environment without structural defects, the hydrogen atom prefers to stabilize in octahedral site. However, the most favorable double defect cases were hydrogen with Al-vacancy followed by hydrogen with Al-antisite. For the surface case, the obtained results have shown that H was always attracted by (0 0 1) and (1 1 0) surfaces. The diffusion of H to the bulk was predicted to be favorable for (1 1 0) and unfavorable for (0 0 1) Fe-terminated. The behavior of H in B2-FeAl H was highly dependent on the local environment and the surface orientation
- âŠ