287 research outputs found
Utilization of the wastes of vital activity
The recycling of wastes from the biological complex for use in life-support systems is discussed. Topics include laboratory equipment, heat treatment of waste materials, mineralization of waste products, methods for production of ammonium hydroxide and nitric acid, the extraction of sodium chloride from mineralized products, and the recovery of nutrient substances for plants from urine
Link Invariants of Finite Type and Perturbation Theory
The Vassiliev-Gusarov link invariants of finite type are known to be closely
related to perturbation theory for Chern-Simons theory. In order to clarify the
perturbative nature of such link invariants, we introduce an algebra V_infinity
containing elements g_i satisfying the usual braid group relations and elements
a_i satisfying g_i - g_i^{-1} = epsilon a_i, where epsilon is a formal variable
that may be regarded as measuring the failure of g_i^2 to equal 1.
Topologically, the elements a_i signify crossings. We show that a large class
of link invariants of finite type are in one-to-one correspondence with
homogeneous Markov traces on V_infinity. We sketch a possible application of
link invariants of finite type to a manifestly diffeomorphism-invariant
perturbation theory for quantum gravity in the loop representation.Comment: 11 page
Contemporary long-term trends in water discharge, suspended sediment load, and erosion intensity in river basins of the North Caucasus region, SW Russia
For the first time, contemporary trends in water discharge, suspended sediment load, and the intensity of overall erosion in the river basins of the North Caucasus region, as one of Russiaβs most agriculturally developed geographic areas, were identified. The study was carried out using monitoring data of the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of the country for 21 rivers by comparing two periods: 1963-1980 and 2008-201
ΠΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ LaPO4: ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°
ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ°Π½Π° (LaPO4), Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΒΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ°Π½Π° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΒΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π·ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉ). ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ LaPO4 ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌ, ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌ Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΒΠ½ΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΒΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ².
Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ°Π½Π° (LaPO4) Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΒΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ°Π½Π°. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΡΠΈΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ COVID-19: ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ
The COVID-19 outbreak started in December 2019 in China has spread over all countries of the world within few month acquiring a pandemic nature, the incident population counting millions. The pathogenic mechanisms of the new coronaviral infection caused by never-before-seen virus SARS-CoV2 are yet to be studied. Various drugs are used for COVID-19 treatment and guidelines are continuously revised as new experience is acquired. In the current pandemic situation, it is important to provide specialists with latest information concerning efficacy and safety drugs for COVID-19 patients and promising research in this field.The purpose of the review is to critically analyze published data on outcomes of COVID-19 treatment with various drugs including potentially promising drugs.The search has been carried out through such databases as PubMed, Scopus, Cyberleninka, https://www.globalclinicaltrialsdata.com, https://clinicaltrials.gov, Cochrane Library; mostly, randomized clinical trials-2020 and papers dedicated to candidate drugs have been considered. The paper is structured based on the drugβs action mechanism and contains parts dedicated to antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antibacterial therapies. Looking for a new promising target in COVID-19 treatment, the authors focus their attention on matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), which abundance results in the destruction of extracellular matrix, epithelial and endothelial basal membranes and leads to secondary lung tissue injury. The paper provides a theoretic justification of MMP inhibitor use by an example of doxycycline and offers an efficacy study protocol for the new approach to COVID-19 therapy.Conclusion: as of now, there are no drugs which efficacy for COVID 19 has been proven. Drugs possessing multiple mechanisms of action are employed beside their specified indications, often in combinations; in this situation, additive side effects with adverse consequences for the patient can hardly be avoided. Administration of drugs with unproven efficacy may be justified only in clinical trials followed by subsequent analysis and publication of findings demonstrating that in case of success, recommendations for a majority of COVID-19 patients could be confidently issued.ΠΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ COVID-19, Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π±ΡΠ΅ 2019 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π΅, Π·Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ² Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ SARS-CoV2, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ COVID-19 ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ. Π ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ COVID-19, ΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ.Β Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ° β ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ COVID-19 Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ².ΠΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π±Π°Π·Π°ΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
PubMed, Scopus, Cyberleninka, Clinical Trials, Cochrane Library ΠΈ Π΄Ρ., ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ 2020 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²-ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ. Π ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ COVID-19 ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½Π°Π·Π°Ρ
(ΠΠΠ ), ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°, Π±Π°Π·Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² MMP Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ» ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ COVID-19.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ COVID 19 Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π΅Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ
, Π² ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π½Π΅Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ
Π° Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ COVID-19. ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°: COVID-19; ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°; ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π°Π·; ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ; ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²; ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΡ-ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π°Π·; ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ; ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π°Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²; ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄Ρ; ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ½; Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ; Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ; ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½Π°Π·Ρ, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½
Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ
Objectives. Synthesis and study of the properties of copolymers of vinyl benzyl alcohol (VBA) with styrene with antimicrobial properties.Methods. The study employed infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography, viscometry, and elemental analysis. The sessile drop method and the pencil method were respectively utilized to determine the contact angles and hardness of the films. The process of testing the film coatingsβ resistance to the effects of molds consisted of contaminating the film coatings applied to the glass with mold spores of the All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms in a solution of mineral salts without sugar (CzapekβDox medium).Results. Homopolymers of vinyl benzyl acetate and its copolymers with styrene were synthesized in this study. Homo- and copolymers of VBA were obtained by saponification. IR and proton NMR (1H NMR) spectroscopy determined the composition of the copolymers. Employing IR spectroscopy, the degree of saponification was monitored by the appearance of the hydroxyl group absorption band and the disappearance of the ester group absorption band. According to the IR spectroscopy data, only an insignificant (~3%) amount of ester groups remains in the saponified copolymers. The influence of the copolymersβ composition on their solubility in various solvents is demonstrated. IR spectroscopy of the copolymers revealed hydrogen-bond formation between the unreacted ester groups and hydroxyl groups formed due to the saponification. The viscometry of the solutions of mixtures of saponified and unsaponified copolymers, solutions of mixtures of saponified copolymer with polyvinyl acetate, and viscometry of saponified copolymers in various solvents all support this conclusion. These bondsβ concentration depends on the copolymerβs composition and can be controlled by the nature of the solvent from which these copolymersβ films are formed. Saponified copolymer solutions form smooth, transparent film coatings with excellent adhesion to metals and silicate glass surfaces. The contact angle of these films, like the hardness, decreases as the VBA unitsβ concentration in the copolymers increases and depends on the solvent polarity used to form the films. It has been demonstrated that increasing the VBA units concentration suppresses the microorganismsβ growth.Conclusions. Film coatings made of copolymers of styrene with VBA have been shown to have high biocidal activity against molds; can be used to protect structural materials and products from the effects of microorganisms.Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈ. Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ° (ΠΠΠ‘) ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΠ- ΠΈ Π―ΠΠ -ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·. ΠΡΠ°Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Ρ ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ Β«ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠ°Β», ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΡ
Π³ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ Π² Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΡ
Π³ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠ° (ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π° Π§Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΠ°-ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠ°).Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡ
ΠΎΠΌΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎ- ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΠΠ‘. Π‘ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΠ- ΠΈ 1H Π―ΠΠ -ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. Π‘ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠΌΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΠ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ. ΠΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΠ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠΌΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ (~3%) ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΌΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠΌΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΌΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠΌΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠΌΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ· ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΌΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°Π΄Π³Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°. ΠΡΠ°Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ» ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
Π·Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΠΠ‘ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΠΠ‘ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ².ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ»Π° Ρ ΠΠΠ‘ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠΌ Π³ΡΠΈΠ±Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ²
Assessment of soil erosion rate trends in two agricultural regions of European Russia for the last 60Β years
Β© 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. Purpose: Forestβsteppe and the southern forest ecotones of European Russia (ER) are the most productive agricultural areas in Russia. Both climate and land use changes have occurred within the ER during last 30Β years. These changes can lead to changes in the timing, magnitude, and spatial distribution of soil erosion rates on cultivated lands. The objective of this research was to assess the trends in soil erosion rates since the 1960s for two agricultural regions of ER. Materials and methods: Rates of soil erosion were estimated for two time windows (1963β1986 and 1986β2015) within the two agricultural regions. Both regions are characterized by a high proportion of cropland (> 60%), and within each region, one river basin and one 1stβ3rd-order agricultural catchment were selected for a detailed assessment of soil erosion rates. Erosion models and visual interpretation of satellite images were used for the evaluation of the erosion rates for the river basins. Sediment budget assessments, 137Cs dating, geomorphologic mapping, and erosion models were used for the evaluation of the sediment redistribution for the two time windows in agricultural catchments. Results and discussion: At the river basin scale, the mean annual erosion rate did not change in the western part of forestβsteppe ecotone; however, there was a weak negative trend in the mean annual erosion rate for the eastern part of the southern forest ecotone. A large negative trend in the erosion rate was found for both small agricultural catchments. In all cases, the reduction in the erosion rates was mainly associated with a decrease of surface runoff during snowmelt, as a result of an increase in both the air and soil temperatures during winter season. The soil loss reduction during snowmelt was counteracted by an equal increase in rainfall erosion due to increase of rainfall intensity in western part of forestβsteppe ecotone. Conclusions: Reduction of surface runoff during spring snowmelt was the main reason the erosion rates declined on cultivated lands within the forestβsteppe and southern forest ecotones of ER. Evaluation of ephemeral gully erosion rate was not incorporated into State Hydrological Institute erosion model used for the evaluation of the soil losses during snowmelt. This has led to an underestimation of the total soil losses for the 1963β1986 time window for all study sites
Denudation and geomorphic change in the Anthropocene; a global overview
The effects of human activity on geomorphic processes, particularly those related to denudation/sedimentation, are investigated by reviewing case studies and global assessments covering the past few centuries. Evidence we have assembled from different parts of the world, as well as from the literature, show that certain geomorphic processes are experiencing an acceleration, especially since the mid-twentieth century. This suggests that a global geomorphic change is taking place, largely caused by anthropogenic landscape changes
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²
In the paper, the authors analyzed the solution of the differential equation of non-stationary heat conduction for an unbounded plate during the heat exchange of plate surfaces with the surrounding medium according to Newtonβs law at a constant temperature of the medium. To use the results of solving the equations in the drying of thin flat materials, the dependence of the heat transfer coefficients on temperature and moisture content was studied. As a result of studying and analyzing a number of literature sources, the regularities of the change in the heat transfer coefficients during drying are established with high reliability. Studies of drying of thin wet plates of white and red clays with known heat transfer coefficients have shown that for small values of the heat transfer criterion of the Bio and small temperature gradients over the section of a thin material, application of the results of solutions of the heat transfer equations gives completely satisfactory agreement between the calculated and experimental values of the temperatures and the duration of drying. It is established that for small Bio numbers, the main factor is the external heat and mass transfer of the surface of the material with the surrounding medium and the rate of drying depends little on internal mass transfer. It is shown that the use of numerical methods for solving differential equations is possible with varying degrees of approximation only for accurate and reliable dependences of heat and mass transfer coefficients on moisture content and temperature. For a number of materials with known heat transfer coefficients, the use of analytical methods in calculations is of considerable interest and brings the theory closer to the practice of drying.ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΡΡΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π²Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· Π±Π΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³Π»ΠΈΠ½ Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ
Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π°Ρ
ΠΠΈΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Ρ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΡ Π²Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ
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