Approaches to Understanding and Addressing Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Scoping Review

Treatment-resistant depression is associated with significant disability and, due to its high prevalence, results in substantive economic and societal burden at a population level. The objective of this study is to synthesize extant literature on approaches currently being applied to understand and address this condition. It is hoped that the findings can be used to inform practitioners and guide future research. A scoping review of the scientific literature was conducted with findings categorized and charted by underlying research paradigm. Currently, the vast majority of research stems from a biological paradigm (81%). Research on treatment-resistant depression would benefit from a broadened field of study. Given that multiple etiological mechanisms likely contribute to treatment-resistant depression and current efforts at prevention and treatment have substantial room for improvement, an expanded research agenda could more effectively address this significant public health issue

The challenge of simulating the warmth of the mid-Miocene climatic optimum in CESM1

The mid-Miocene climatic optimum (MMCO) is an intriguing climatic period due to its above-modern temperatures in mid-to-high latitudes in the presence of close-to-modern CO₂ concentrations. We use the recently released Community Earth System Model (CESM1.0) with a slab ocean to simulate this warm period, incorporating recent Miocene CO₂ reconstructions of 400 ppm (parts per million). We simulate a global mean annual temperature (MAT) of 18 °C, ~4 °C above the preindustrial value, but 4 °C colder than the global Miocene MAT we calculate from climate proxies. Sensitivity tests reveal that the inclusion of a reduced Antarctic ice sheet, an equatorial Pacific temperature gradient characteristic of a permanent El Niño, increased CO₂ to 560 ppm, and variations in obliquity only marginally improve model–data agreement. All MMCO simulations have an Equator to pole temperature gradient that is at least ~10 °C larger than that reconstructed from proxies. The MMCO simulation most comparable to the proxy records requires a CO₂ concentration of 800 ppm. Our results illustrate that MMCO warmth is not reproducible using the CESM1.0 forced with CO₂ concentrations reconstructed for the Miocene or including various proposed Earth system feedbacks; the remaining discrepancy in the MAT is comparable to that introduced by a CO₂ doubling. The model's tendency to underestimate proxy derived global MAT and overestimate the Equator to pole temperature gradient suggests a major climate problem in the MMCO akin to those in the Eocene. Our results imply that this latest model, as with previous generations of climate models, is either not sensitive enough or additional forcings remain missing that explain half of the anomalous warmth and pronounced polar amplification of the MMCO

The Effect of Endozym β-split, a Commercial Enzyme Preparation Used for Aroma Release, on Tannat Wine Glycosides

Commercial preparations with glycosidase activities are used to enhance wine aroma, but they arenot extensively characterized. The aim of this work was to study the effect of three enzymes on aromaimprovement in Tannat red wine. After the selection of the most appropriate enzyme for further testing,its effectiveness on the hydrolysis of the total glycosides present in Tannat wine was measured. The threepreparations showed high β-glucosidase and α-arabinosidase activities (in the range of 10 to 174 U/mL orU/g), but very low levels of α-rhamnosidase (less than 1 U/mL). The β-glucosidases studied remained activein the presence of Tannat wine. The selected enzyme, Endozym β-split, supplemented with α-rhamnosidase,resulted in almost 30% hydrolysis of the glycosides in Tannat wine, when added at a concentration higherthan that recommended by the manufacturers. A sensory evaluation showed that the enzyme-treated wineswere significantly different from the controls, suggesting that at least a part of the hydrolyzed glycosidesin the Tannat wine were aroma precursors. However, it cannot be assumed that all commercial enzymeswould be effective in hydrolyzing aroma precursors just because they show glycosidase activities. Higherconcentrations of Endozym β-split than that recommended by the manufacturer are necessary to reachan appreciable level of glycoside hydrolysis. Supplementation of Endozym β-split with α-rhamnosidase isrecommended in this enzyme – wine system for the greater release of the aroma from the glycosidicallyboundprecursors

Poster Introductions III--Antipsychotic Utilization in British Columbia from 1997 to 2006

This study examined the prevalent use of antipsychotic medication in British Columbia from 1997 to 2006 among individuals aged 20 and above. Utilization data were obtained from BC’s PharmaNet system – a provincially maintained database that contains prescription dispensation records and demographic information for individuals residing in BC. Using the American Hospital Formulary Service (AHFS) Pharmacologic-Therapeutic Classification, claim records for Antipsychotics, Atypical Antipsychotics, Butyrophenones, Phenotiazines, Thioxanthenes, and Miscellaneous Antipsychotics were identified in the PharmaNet dataset. Individuals who filled at least 1 antipsychotic prescription in a given year were counted as prevalent users. Results were examined across gender and several age groupings. Preliminary analyses of the results provide evidence for increasing prevalent use from 1997 to 2006. Similarly, initial results suggest prevalent use increases with age, with older age groups (75 and above) exhibiting dramatic jumps in utilization. Results will be discussed in light of the various indications for the use of antipsychotic medications and the various health concerns associated with its prolonged use, particularly among the elderly. Joseph H. Puyat is an MSc student in the School of Population and Public Health (SPPH), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia. He was a project manager and researcher at the Center for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addictions (CARMHA), Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University where he worked on various projects including the analysis of the BC provincial prescription database to examine the pharmacoepidemiology of psychotropic drugs, and, the development of supported self-management strategies for the treatment of mood disorders. Before joining CARMHA, he conducted studies on aggression and violence among students groups and wrote research reports examining social psychological processes shaping the Filipino youth\u27s self-concept

Uso de energía solar para la cocción de pan sustituido parcialmente por harina de quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa Wild.)

Objetivos: 1) Estudiar las condiciones de funcionamiento de dos hornos solares: tipo caja y tipo tambor; 2) Evaluar la cocción de panes elaborados con harina de quinoa y 3) Estudiar la respuesta del consumidor en su aceptabilidad. Los panes con 0, 10, 15 y 20% de sustitución se hornearon y se midió radiación (W/m2 ), temperatura ambiente (°C) y temperatura interna del pan durante la cocción. Se realizaron pruebas de aceptabilidad con 112 consumidores. La hora local en que se alcanza la máxima temperatura interna del pan (tT°max), la velocidad de aumento de ésta (Va), el tiempo de duración de la cocción (Tdur) y el área bajo la curva (ABC) fueron las variables más afectadas por las condiciones de radiación y temperatura ambiente. El tipo de horno y el porcentaje de sustitución no fueron significativos en la aceptabilidad. Se observó una tendencia a valorar más el pan con 10% de quinoa.Aims: 1) to study the behavior of the working conditions of box type and drum solar cookers; 2) evaluate the cooking process of breads with quinoa flour and 3) study the consumer’s acceptability response. Four formulations were established with 0, 10, 15 and 20% of wheat flour substitution, and they were cooked into the cookers. Cookers working conditions–radiation (W/m2 ) and environment temperature (°C)- and internal temperature of the breads were measured during cooking process. Sensory acceptability tests were performed with 112 consumers. The cooking variables mostly affected by daily conditions of radiation and environment temperature were: local time at which the maximum temperature (tT°max) of breads was reached, rate of increase (Va), duration time (tdur) and area under the curve (ABC). The cooker type and % of quinoa were not significant on the sensory acceptability; therefore it was observed a tendency to prefer the bread with 10% of quinoa.Fil: Passamai, Victor Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Cs.exactas. Departamento de Fisica; ArgentinaFil: Armada, M.. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Consejo de Investigacion; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ingenieria; ArgentinaFil: del Castillo, V.. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Consejo de Investigacion; ArgentinaFil: Goldner, Maria Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigación para la Industria Química (i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta; Argentin

High precision Monte Carlo study of the 3D XY-universality class

We present a Monte Carlo study of the two-component $\phi^4$ model on the simple cubic lattice in three dimensions. By suitable tuning of the coupling constant $\lambda$ we eliminate leading order corrections to scaling. High statistics simulations using finite size scaling techniques yield $\nu=0.6723(3)[8]$ and $\eta=0.0381(2)[2]$, where the statistical and systematical errors are given in the first and second bracket, respectively. These results are more precise than any previous theoretical estimate of the critical exponents for the 3D XY universality class.Comment: 13 page

Inappropriate Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Shocks Attributed to Alternating-Current Leak in a Swimming Pool

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are the standard of care for preventing sudden cardiac death in patients who are predisposed to malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Causes of inappropriate ICD shock include equipment malfunction, improper arrhythmia evaluation, misinterpretation of myopotentials, and electromagnetic interference. As the number of implanted ICDs has increased, other contributors to inappropriate therapy have become known, such as minimal electrical current leaks that mimic ventricular fibrillation. We present the case of a 63-year-old man with a biventricular ICD who received 2 inappropriate shocks, probably attributable to alternating-current leaks in a swimming pool. In addition, we discuss ICD sensitivity and offer recommendations to avoid similar occurrences