Dynamic processes happening during the evaporation of films of fusible materials

Optical waveguides on glass substrates are a promising area in their application in simple and cheap optoelectronic devices. As shown in [1], the highest refractive index is achieved during the formation of waveguides by oxidized film diffusion. However, realization of a number of electro-optical effects is restrained by probabilistic repeatability of wave guiding layers which holds down the development of optoelectronics [1-3]. This happens due to the fact that film formation in gas exchange mode isn't explored enough. One of the reasons of probabilistic repeatability of local thickness and film composition is dynamic processes which happen during the material evaporation. The regularities of evaporation, which were earlier found by Knudsen, Langmuir and other scientists for point sources, fail when it comes to the line where one material escape into another state. Most materials, which have three states - solid, liquid, gaseous - at ambient pressure heating, in vacuum, lose their liquid state partly or completely. Moreover, the film distribution over the substrate is quite unclear because of the poor study of molecular vapor flow and substrate interaction

T-junction droplet generator realised in lithium niobate crystals by laser ablation

AbstractA femtosecond laser at 800 nm was used to create micro-fluidic circuits on lithium niobate (LiNbO3) substrates by means of laser ablation, using different scanning velocities (100-500 μm/s) and laser pulse energies (1-20 μJ). The T-junction geometry was exploited to create on y-cut LiNbO3 crystals a droplet generator, whose microfluidic performance was characterized in a wide range of droplet generation frequencies, from few Hz to about 1 kHz

The molecular network governing nodule organogenesis and infection in the model legume Lotus japonicus

Bacterial infection of interior tissues of legume root nodules is controlled at the epidermal cell layer and is closely coordinated with progressing organ development. Using spontaneous nodulating Lotus japonicus plant mutants to uncouple nodule organogenesis from infection, we have determined the role of 16 genes in these two developmental processes. We show that host-encoded mechanisms control three alternative entry processes operating in the epidermis, the root cortex and at the single cell level. Single cell infection did not involve the formation of trans-cellular infection threads and was independent of host Nod-factor receptors and bacterial Nod-factor signals. In contrast, Nod-factor perception was required for epidermal root hair infection threads, whereas primary signal transduction genes preceding the secondary Ca2+ oscillations have an indirect role. We provide support for the origin of rhizobial infection through direct intercellular epidermal invasion and subsequent evolution of crack entry and root hair invasions observed in most extant legumes