ESA SENTINEL 2 IMAGERY AND GBGEOAPP: INTEGRATED TOOLS FOR THE DEOSAI NATIONAL PARK MANAGEMENT PLAN

Deosai plateau, in the Gilgit-Baltistan Province of Pakistan, for its average elevation of 4,114 meters, is the second highest plateau in the world after Changtang Tibetan Plateau. Two biogeographically important mountain ranges merge in Deosai: the Himalayan and Karakorum–Pamir highlands. The Deosai National Park, with its first recognition in 1993, encompasses an area of about 1620 km2, with the altitude ranging from 3500 to 5200 meters a.s.l. It is known and visited by tourists for the presence of brown bear, but a large number of species of fauna and flora leave, and can be seen during the summer season. This high-altitude ecosystem is particularly fragile and can be considered a sentinel for the effects of climate changes. Due to its geographic position and high altitude, the area of Deosai has never been studied in all its ecosystem components, producing high resolution maps. The first land cover map of Deosai with 10 meters of resolution is discussed in this study. This map has been obtained from Sentinel-2 imagery and improved through the new tool developed in this study: the GBGEOApp. This application for mobile has been done with three main ambitions: the validation of the new land cover map, its improvement with land use information, and the collection of new data in the field. On the basis of the results, the use of the GBGEOApp, as a tool for validation and increasing of environmental data collection, seems to be completely applicable involving the local technicians in a process of data sharing

Analysis of jet wall flow and heat transfer conveying ZnO-SAE50 nano lubricants saturated in Darcy-Brinkman porous medium

The problem of 2D (two-dimensional) wall jet flow, along with heat transfer incorporated by nanofluid in a Darcy-Brinkman medium, while recognizing the requirement for efficient heating and cooling systems. Following the use of similarity variables, the resultant system of ODEs (ordinary differential equations) is solved using the well-known and efficient bvp4c (boundary-value problem of the 4th order) technique. The significance of physical quantities for the under-consideration parameters is illustrated and explained. The findings show that the nanoparticle volume fraction and porosity parameters decrease the velocity, but increase the temperature. In addition, the temperature uplifts in the presence of radiation effect. The suction parameter initially decreases and then increases the velocity near the surface, while the temperature declines

Analytical approach for a heat transfer process through nanofluid over an irregular porous radially moving sheet by employing KKL correlation with magnetic and radiation effects: applications to thermal system

The aluminum nanoparticle is adequate for power grid wiring, such as the distribution of local power and the transmission of aerial power lines, because of its higher conductivity. This nanoparticle is also one of the most commonly used materials in applications in the electrical field. Thus, in this study, a radiative axisymmetric flow of Casson fluid, induced by water-based Al2O3 nanofluid by using the Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li (KKL) correlation, is investigated. The impact of the magnetic field is also taken into account. KKL correlation is utilized to compute the thermal conductivity and effective viscosity. Analytical double solutions are presented for the considered axisymmetric flow model after implementing the similarity technique to transmute the leading equations into ordinary differential equations. The obtained analytic forms were used to examine and discuss the velocity profile, the temperature distribution, reduced heat transfer, and coefficient of reduced skin friction. The analytic solutions indicate that the velocity profile decreases in the branch of the first solution and uplifts in the branch of the second solution due to the presence of an aluminum particle, whereas the dimensionless temperature enhances in both solutions. In addition, the Casson parameter increases the friction factor, as well as the heat transport rate

Impact of buoyancy and stagnation-point flow of water conveying Ag-MgO hybrid nanoparticles in a vertical contracting/expanding Riga wedge

Riga surface can be utilized to reduce the pressure drag and the friction of the submarine by stopping the separation of the boundary layer as well as by moderating turbulence production. Therefore, the current symmetry of the work investigates the slip impacts on mixed convection flow containing water-based hybrid Ag-MgO nanoparticles over a vertical expanding/contracting Riga wedge. In this analysis, a flat surface, wedge, and stagnation point are also discussed. A Riga surface is an actuator that contains electromagnetic where a span-wise array associated with the permanent magnets and irregular electrodes accumulated on a smooth surface. A Lorentz force is incorporated parallel to the surface produced by this array which eases exponentially normal to the surface. Based on the considered flow symmetry, the physical scenario is initially modeled in the appearance of partial differential equations which are then rehabilitated into a system of ordinary differential equations by utilizing the pertinent similarity variables. A bvp4c solver is engaged to acquire the numerical solution. The flow symmetry and the influences of pertaining parameters involved in the problem are investigated and are enclosed in graphical form. The findings confirm that the velocity reduces, and temperature enhances due to nanoparticle volume fraction. A modified Hartmann number increases the velocity and diminishes the temperature. Moreover, the suction parameter enhances the velocity profiles and reduces the dimensionless temperature profiles. The heat transfer gradually increases by diminishing the contracting parameter and increasing the expanding parameter

Impact of Smoluchowski temperature and Maxwell velocity slip conditions on axisymmetric rotated flow of hybrid nanofluid past a porous moving rotating disk

Colloidal suspensions of regular fluids and nanoparticles are known as nanofluids. They have a variety of applications in the medical field, including cell separation, drug targeting, destruc-tion of tumor tissue, and so on. On the other hand, the dispersion of multiple nanoparticles into a regular fluid is referred to as a hybrid nanofluid. It has a variety of innovative applications such as microfluidics, heat dissipation, dynamic sealing, damping, and so on. Because of these numerous applications of nanofluids in minds, therefore, the objective of the current exploration divulged the axisymmetric radiative flow and heat transfer induced by hybrid nanofluid impinging on a porous stretchable/shrinkable rotating disc. In addition, the impact of Smoluchowski temperature and Maxwell velocity slip boundary conditions are also invoked. The hybrid nanofluid was formed by mixing the copper (Cu) and alumina (Al2 O3 ) nanoparticles scattered in the regular (viscous) base fluid (H2 O). Similarity variables are used to procure the similarity equations, and the numerical outcomes are achieved using bvp4c in MATLAB software. According to the findings, double solutions are feasible for stretching (λ > 0) and shrinking cases (λ < 0). The heat transfer rate is accelerated as the hybrid nanoparticles increases. The suction parameter enhances the friction factors as well as heat transfer rate. Moreover, the friction factor in the radial direction and heat transfer enrich for the first solution and moderate for the second outcome due to the augmentation δ1, while the trend of the friction factor in the radial direction is changed only in the case of stretching for both branches

Radiative mixed convective flow induced by hybrid nanofluid over a porous vertical cylinder in a porous media with irregular heat sink/source

Purpose: Hybrid nanofluids have higher mechanical resistance, thermal conductivity, chemical stability, and physical strength when compared to normal nanofluids. Our approach in the current paper is to present a novel exploration comprising radiative mixed convection flow of hybrid nanofluids with irregular heat source/sink effect through a porous vertical cylinder immersed in a porous media. Both opposing and assisting flows are discussed. Methodology: The transmuted similarity ODEs are numerically worked out utilizing the assist of the bvp4c package in MATLAB for different values of physical parameters. The hybrid nanofluids contain a couple of nanoparticles namely aluminum and copper particles with water as base fluid. Findings: It was observed that fundamental similarity equations disclose double solutions (first and second branches) for buoyancy assisting and opposing flows. The drag force is enhanced due to the radiation as well as curvature parameters. In addition, the velocity declines due to heat source/sink and radiation parameter. Originality/value: The writers agree that all numerical outcomes are novel and have not previously been published for the current problem

Significance of thermophoretic particle deposition, arrhenius activation energy and chemical reaction on the dynamics of wall jet nanofluid flow subject to lorentz forces

The need for effective heating and cooling systems in the automotive, chemical, and aerospace industries is driving a rapid proliferation of heat-transfer technology. In recent times, GO (Graphene Oxide) has been emerging as one of the most promising nanoparticles because of its uninterrupted behavior of electrical conductivity even at a minimum carrier concentration. Due to this incentive, the behavior of jet flow with heat and mass transfer features of electrically conducting based kerosene oil (KO) fluid dispensed by graphene nanoparticles was studied. In addition, the activation energy, irregular heat source/sink, thermophoretic particle deposition, and chemical reaction are also provoked. In order to provide numerical results, the boundary value problem of fourth-order (bvp4c) solver was used. The graphs were used to illustrate the effects of relevant parameters on the fluid flow, heat, and mass transfer rates. The incorporation of graphene nanoparticles significantly improves heat conductivity. Additionally, the nanoparticle volume fraction augments the temperature and concentration profile while the velocity profile declines. Moreover, the temperature enhances due to the heat source, whilst the contrary behavior is observed in the presence of the heat sink. Furthermore, the shear stress increases up to 12.3%, the Nusselt number increases up to 0.119%, and the Sherwood number increases up to 0.006% due to the presence of nanofluid. Finally, we can conclude that the latest work will be useful for thermal cooling systems, including cooling for engines and generators, nuclear systems, aviation refrigeration systems, and other systems

Impact of irregular heat sink/source on the wall jet flow and heat transfer in a porous medium induced by a nanofluid with slip and buoyancy effects

In many industries, extremely high-performance cooling is a crucial requirement. However, the fundamental challenge to developing energy-efficient heat transfer fluids required for cooling is insufficient thermal conductivity. In this case, the utilization of nanofluid is effective to overcome these challenges. The current study aims to examine the two-dimensional (2D) stretching wall jet heat transfer fluid flow induced by a water-based alumina nanofluid embedded in a porous medium with buoyancy force. In addition, irregular heat sink/source and slip effects are assessed. The leading partial differential equations are changed into ordinary differential equations by incorporating similarity variables, then these equations are computationally or numerically worked out via the boundary-value problem of fourth-order (bvp4c) technique. The pertinent factors influencing the symmetry of the hydrothermal performance including friction factor, velocity, and temperature profiles, are illustrated using tables and graphs. The symmetrical outcomes reveal that the velocity declines in the presence of nanoparticles, whereas the temperature uplifts both assisting and opposing flows. Moreover, the friction factor augments due to porosity while the heat transfer rate declines

Stability analysis of buoyancy magneto flow of hybrid nanofluid through a stretchable/shrinkable vertical sheet induced by a micropolar fluid subject to nonlinear heat sink/source

The utilization of hybrid nanofluids (HNs) to boost heat transfer is a promising area of study, and thus, numerous scientists, researchers, and academics have voiced their admiration and interest in this area. One of the main functions of nanofluids is their dynamic role in cooling small electrical devices such as microchips and associated gadgets. The major goal of this study is to perform an analysis of the buoyancy flow of a shrinking/stretching sheet, whilst considering the fascinating and practical uses of hybrid nanofluids. The influence of a nonlinear heat source/sink induced by a micropolar fluid is also inspected. Water-based alumina and copper nanoparticles are utilized to calculate the fine points of the fluid flow and the features of heat transfer. The governing equations are framed with acceptable assumptions and the required similarity transformations are used to turn the set of partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. The bvp4c technique is used to solve the simplified equations. Dual solutions are presented for certain values of stretching/shrinking parameters as well as the mixed convective parameter. In addition, the shear stress coefficient in the first-branch solution (FBS) escalates and decelerates for the second-branch solution (SBS) with the superior impact of the magnetic parameter, the mass transpiration parameter, and the solid nanoparticles volume fraction, while the contrary behavior is seen in both (FB and SB) solutions for the larger values of the material parameter

Features of radiative mixed convective heat transfer on the slip flow of nanofluid past a stretching bended sheet with activation energy and binary reaction

The current exploration aims to inspect the features of thermal radiation on the buoyancy or mixed convective fluid flow induced by nanofluid through a stretching permeable bended sheet. The impact of activation energy and binary reaction along with slip migration is taken into account to discuss the fine points of water-based alumina nanoparticle flow. The structure of the curved sheet is assumed to be stretchable and the bended texture is coiled within a circular section with radius (Formula presented.). The similarity technique is utilized to reduce the leading partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. These reduced equations are then deciphered numerically by employing the bvp4c method. The outcomes of the model were constructed in the form of several figures and bar graphs for the case of opposing and assisting flows with varying distinct embedded control parameters. The results display that the velocity field curves escalate with a higher radius of curvature parameter while temperature and concentration profiles shrink. More precisely, the outcomes show that the temperature distribution profile increases with the increase in nanoparticle’s volume fraction as well as thermal radiation parameter. Meanwhile, the concentration and velocity fields are decelerated with higher impacts of nanoparticle volume fraction. In addition, the heat and mass transfer rates were significantly improved for the higher value of the radiation and Schmidt number. On the other hand, the growing values of the velocity slip factor decrease the shear stress. Furthermore, the results are compared with the previous results in the limiting cases and observed a tremendous harmony