Alterations In The Hematological Parameters Of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss, Exposed To Cypermethrin

Rainbow trout were exposed to sublethal concentrations of the pesticide cypermethrin (1/8, 1/4 and 1/2 of the LC50, 0.0082 mg/l) for 21 days at 24-hour intervals. At the end of the exposure period, hematological parameters were investigated. As the concentration of cypermethrin increased, there were increases in red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscu- lar hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, thrombocyte count and erythro- cyte sedimentation rate. As the exposure increased, there were decreases in packed cell vol- ume, mean corpuscular volume and white blood cell count. Differences among treatments were significant (p<0.05) only for red blood cells, mean corpuscular volume, thrombocyte count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate when exposure rose from 1/8 to 1/2 of the LC50 concentration

The effects of n-butanol on oxidative stress and apoptosis in zebra fish (Danio rerio) larvae

PubMed: 31669665In recent years, n-butanol has growing use in many areas, including the food industry. In this study, acute toxic effects of n-butanol to zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae by applying different concentrations (10, 50, 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 mg/L) to embryos were evaluated. For this purpose the data of oxidative stress, antioxidant - acetyl cholinesterase enzyme activities, malondialdehyde level and apoptosis were taken into consideration. At the end of the 96 h, antioxidant (Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activities were decreased, however lipid peroxidation level, apoptotic cells, and reactive oxygen species increased (p < .05). As a result, it has been observed that high concentrations of n-butanol with its amphiphilic structure causes quite intense toxic effects in zebrafish embryos. © 2019 Elsevier Inc

In vitro effects of some metal ions on glutathione reductase in the gills and liver of Capoeta trutta

Many aquatic environmental problems have arisen in consequence of contamination of water by toxic metals and organic pollutants in the present age of technology. Metals play vital roles in enzyme activities and other metabolic events due to their bioaccumulative and nonbiodegradable properties among aquatic pollutants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of some metal ions (Ag+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+) on Capoeta trutta gill and liver glutathione reductase (EC: 1.8.1.7; GR). For this purpose, initially, GR was purified from C. trutta gill and liver. Purification procedure consisted of three steps; preparation of hemolysate, ammonium sulphate precipitation and 2’, 5’-ADP Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. Using this procedure, C. turtta gill GR, having the specific activity of 19.111 EU/mg proteins, was purified with a yield of 38.8% and 910.05-fold; C. trutta liver GR, having the specific activity of 16.167 EU/mg proteins, was purified with a yield of 21.1% and 734.86-fold. The purity of the enzymes was checked on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and each purified enzyme showed a single band on the gel. In addition, inhibitory effects of some metal ions (Ag+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+) on GR from gill and liver were investigated in vitro. Ki constants and IC50 values for metal ions which showed inhibition effects were determined by Lineweaver-Burk graps and plotting activity % vs. [I]. In conclusion, IC50 values for fish gill GR were 0.000625, 0.153, 0.220, 0.247 and 0.216 mM and Ki constants for fish gill GR were 0.00045 ± 0.00008, 0.128 ± 0.036, 0.182 ± 0.138, 0.482 ± 0.219 and 0.112 ± 0.047 mM for Ag+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+, respectively. IC50 values for fish liver GR were 0.000437, 0.217, 0.185, 0.355 and 0.349 mM and Ki constants for fish liver GR were 0.00025 ± 0.00013, 0.532 ± 0.146, 0.123 ± 0.066, 0.093 ± 0.020 and 0.151 ± 0.084 mM for Ag+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+, respectively. In vitro inhibition rank order was determined as Ag+ > Co2+ > Zn2+ > Ni2+ > Pb2+ for fish gill GR; Ag+ > Cu2+ > Co2+ > Pb2+ > Ni2+ for fish liver GR. From these results, we showed that Ag+ metal ion is the most potent inhibitor of GR enzyme on gill and liver tissues

Pharmacokinetic disposition of enrofloxacin in brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) after oral and intravenous administrations

In this study, the pharmacokinetic profile of enrofloxacin (EF) and its major metabolite, ciprofloxacin (CF), were investigated in brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) (n = 150) after intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administrations of a single dose of 10 mg kg(-1) body weight (b.w.) at 10 degrees C. The plasma concentrations of the drugs were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV) from 0.08 to 120 h. Pharmacokinetic parameters were described by the two-compartment open model for intravenous and oral administrations, respectively. After intravenous administration, the elimination half-life (t(1/2 beta)), apparent volume of distribution at steady-state (V(ss)) and total body clearance (Cl(tot)) of enrofloxacin were 19.14 +/- 1.51 h, 3.40 +/- 0.18 L kg(-1) and 0.14 +/- 0.01 L kg h(-1), respectively. After oral administration, the maximum plasma concentration (C(max)), time of maximum concentration (t(max)) and bioavailability (F%) were 2.30 +/- 0.08 mu g mL(-1), 8 h and 78 +/- 4%, respectively. Ciprofloxacin was not detected in the present study. The elimination half-life for enrofloxacin following oral administration was longer than values calculated for other animals. After oral administration, the mean plasma concentration was well above the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs)-that is, >0.5 mu g mL(-1) at 36 h-for most gram-negative fish pathogens. It is possible and practical to obtain therapeutic blood concentrations of enrofloxacin in brown trout (S. trutta fario) using oral administration of 10 mg kg(-1) body weight; therefore, it may be effective in the therapy for brown trout diseases. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Perspective on green synthesis of RP-Pd/AC NPs: characterization, embryonic and neuronal toxicity assessment

Due to the disadvantages of conventional chemical methods, the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has attracted great attention in recent years. In the present study, for the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles, green synthesis nanoparticle protocol, which consists of plant extracts with reducing and capping agents, was used. RP-Pd/AC NPs were obtained by treating activated carbon source Chenopodium album (CA) and PdCl2 materials with Rumex patientia (RP) leaf plant extract as reducing and capping agent. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopic devices were used to determine the crystal phase amount, particle size and internal structure of biogenic based synthesized RP-Pd/AC nanoparticles. Toxicological data of RP-Pd/AC NPs were acutely monitored in zebrafish embryo/larvae with some complementary tests (LC50, survival rate, hatching rate, embryo morphological changes, GFAP, 8-OHdG and histopathologic analyses). The obtained results in the analyses for RP-Pd/AC NPs can be summarized as follows: 1. Average NP size was 77.98 nm, 2. LC50 values of zebrafish embryos was found as 139.50 mg/L at 96 h, 3. survival rate in embryos and larvae decreased with increasing dose, 4. low dose (10 mg/L) nanoparticles treated larvae achieved 100% chorion hatching at 96th hour as in the control group, 5. In 10 mg/L group, a mild 8-OHdG expression was detected in neutrophils, and mild GFAP expression was detected in astrocytes 100 mg/L group; however, severe 8-OHdG expression was observed in neutrophils, and severe GFAP expression in astrocytes. In the light of these data, it was concluded that environmentally friendly obtained RP-Pd/AC NPs could be a promising new alternative in different fields