FORMALIZATION OF THE PROBLEM OF THE SDN NETWORK PARTITIONING INTO ROUTING ZONES

On of the key goals that should be solved to efficiently organize network routing is splitting the network to, in some sense, optimal set of routing zones. The work considers generalized mathematical formalization of the graph partition problem. Graph defines SDN network topology. According to this topology possible objective functions and constraints were formulated. Objective functions take into account cut parameters, subgraphs and\or cuts boundary vertices characteristics. Constraints take into account weights and probabilities .Key words: software-defined networking, routing zones, graph partition, graph cut, total cut weightкандидат технічних наук, Коган А. В., доктор технічних наук, професор, Кулаков Ю. О., кандидат технічних наук, Сперкач М. О., кандидат технічних наук, доцент, Жданова О. Г. Формалізація задачі розбиття мережі SDN на зони маршрутизації / Національний технічний університет України “Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського”, Україна, Київ Однією з ключових задач, що повинні бути розв’язані для організації ефективної маршрутизації в мережах, є розбиття всієї мережі на оптимальну в деякому сенсі кількість зон маршрутизації. В роботі розглядається узагальнена математична формалізація задачі розбиття графу, який описує фізичну топологію мережі SDN. Відповідно цієї топології були сформульовані можливі цільові функції та визначені обмеження задач розбиття графу. Цільові функції враховують параметри розрізів, підграфів та/або характеристики граничних вершин розбиття. Обмеження враховують ваги та ймовірності виключення/виходу з ладу вершин і ребер.Ключові слова: програмно-конфігурована мережа, зони маршрутизації, граф, розбиття графу, розріз графу, гранична вершина, сумарна вага розрізу

Analysis of tuberculosis sick rate in Siberian federal district

The paper presents the materials of the complex epidemiological evaluation of tuberculosis process by its main indicators (incident cases, prevalence and mortality) in the Siberian Federal district over the period of 2002-2014. The ranking of the territories included in the Siberian Federal district was performed by the integral index. That allowed to identify three groups of territories by the level of intensity of TB epidemiological process (favorable, typical, unfavorable). The most favorable epidemiological situation was registered in Tomsk region, the most unfavorable one - in the Republic of Tuva

Finite-size scaling from self-consistent theory of localization

Accepting validity of self-consistent theory of localization by Vollhardt and Woelfle, we derive the finite-size scaling procedure used for studies of the critical behavior in d-dimensional case and based on the use of auxiliary quasi-1D systems. The obtained scaling functions for d=2 and d=3 are in good agreement with numerical results: it signifies the absence of essential contradictions with the Vollhardt and Woelfle theory on the level of raw data. The results \nu=1.3-1.6, usually obtained at d=3 for the critical exponent of the correlation length, are explained by the fact that dependence L+L_0 with L_0>0 (L is the transversal size of the system) is interpreted as L^{1/\nu} with \nu>1. For dimensions d\ge 4, the modified scaling relations are derived; it demonstrates incorrectness of the conventional treatment of data for d=4 and d=5, but establishes the constructive procedure for such a treatment. Consequences for other variants of finite-size scaling are discussed.Comment: Latex, 23 pages, figures included; additional Fig.8 is added with high precision data by Kramer et a

Selective Brain Hypothermia in the Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Patients with Chronic Consciousness Disorders

Aim: to evaluate clinical effectiveness of selective hypothermia of cerebral cortex for the recovery of awareness in patients with chronic disorders of consciousness (CDC).   Material and methods. 111 patients with CDC 30 and more days after a cerebral event (ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, brain injury) were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were anoxic brain injury (sequelae of a prolonged asystole or asphyxia), active sepsis, arrhythmia, baseline hypothermia (body temperature lower than 35.5 °С). Experimental group included 60 patients, of them 39 patients were in a vegetative state (VS), 21 patients exhibited patterns of minimally conscious state (MCS). Control group incluted 51 patients, of them 32 patients were in VS and 19 patients were in MCS. Patients in the experimental group received 10 sessions (120 minutes each) of selective brain hypothermia (SBH) during the 14-days follow-up period. Patients of both groups received standard identical neurological treatment and rehabilitation procedures. Patients in the control group did not undergo brain hypothermia. The induction of SBH involved cooling of the whole surface of the craniocerebral area of scalp using special helmets. The temperature of the internal surface of the helmet was 3–7 °С. Temperature of the frontal lobes of the cortex was monitored with non-invasive microwave radiothermometry, axillary temperature was also registered. The level of consciousness was evaluated using «Coma Recovery Scale-Revised» (CRS-R) scale.   Results. 120-minutes long SBH session reduced the temperature of the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex by 2.4–3.1 °С with no impact on the axillary temperature. Evaluation using CRS-R revealed improvement in all studied functions (auditory, visual, motor, oromotor, communication, arousal) in patients in the experimental group after 10 SBH sessions. Level of consciousness in patients from the experimental group in VS increased from 4.5 ± 0.33 to 8.7 ± 0.91 points (P < 0.001), for patients in MCS from 11.3 ± 1.0 to 18.2 ± 0.70 (P < 0.001) points. In the control group, scores of patients in VS rose from 4.3 ± 0.37 to 6.8 ± 0.49 (P < 0.001) points with the most significant changes in auditory and visual functions (P<0.001). In the control group of patients in MCS the oromotor function improved (P < 0.05), overall CRS-R scores changed insignificantly from 9.1 ± 0.57 to 10.1 ± 0.86 (P < 0.1). The best outcome (CRS-R > 19 points) was seen in patients from the experimental group [6 in VS (15.4 %) and 8 in MCS (31.8 %)]. In the control group, the best results did not exceed 10 points for the patents in VS, while 4 patients in MCS (21 %) reached 12–16 scores. During 30-day follow-up period of hospitalization after the SBH sessions mortality rate was 10 % (6 patients) in the experimental group and 21.6% (11 patients) in the control group.   Conclusion. Patients with CDC could benefit from serial SBH sessions performed as a part of comprehensive treatment and rehabilitation strategy. We suggest that selective reduction of frontal lobe temperature improves neurogenesis, neuronal regeneration, and neuroplasticity

Peculiarities of the course of symptomatic epilepsy in neural ceroid

This article discusses the course of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis on the example of two clinical cases, as well as the features, similarities and differences of symptomatic epilepsy in this disease. It is the early clinical diagnosis of hereditary diseases that can prevent early disability of children and mortality.В данной статье рассматриваются течение нейронального цероидного липофусциноза на примере двух клинических случаев, а также особенности, сходства и различия симптоматической эпилепсии при данном заболевании. Именно ранняя клиническая диагностика наследственных заболеваний может предотвратить раннюю инвалидизацию детей и летальность

HYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE BEIJING LINEAGE IN MONGOLIA

Background. Mongolia is one of the seven countries in Western Pacific regions with high burden of tuberculosis. The earlier research indicates that there is a difference in the distribution of some epidemiologically important subtypes of the Beijing lineage in Mongolia and adjacent Russian regions. Aim of the research: assessment of genotypic structure of M. tuberculosis (MBT) on the border of Russia and central regions of Mongolia. Materials and methods: The DNAs of 143 clinical isolates of MBT from Russian border (46.2 %) and central (53.8 %) regions of Mongolia have been genotyped by the 24-locus MIRU-VNTR and RD105/RD207. Strains of the Beijing lineage have been analyzed additionally according to the classification by Merker et al. (2015). Results. The study of MBT in Mongolia indicates significant predominance of strains of the Beijing lineage (79.0 %) and Beijing MIT 17 subtype (72.6 %). However, the strains of the Beijing subtype W148, widespread in Irkutsk Oblast and Buryatia, have not been noted in Mongolia. According to the classification by M. Merker et al., the majority of studied strains of the Beijing lineage (85.8 %) relate to the clonal complexe CC4, infrequently detected in Russian border regions. Statistically significant differences between distribution of clonal complexes among border with Russia and central regions of Mongolia have not been detected. Conclusions. Strains of the clonal complex CC4 of Beijing lineage dominate in central and border to Russia regions of Mongolia, this allows assuming that the different geographical regions were sources of MBT strains, prevalent in Mongolia and adjacent Russian regions

THE DETECTION OF EPIDEMIC SUBTYPES OF BEIJING GENOTYPE OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS CIRCULATED IN THE PRIMORSKY KRAI

Background. The Far East is the territory with high rate of incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis. Cases of tuberculosis caused by epidemic strains have high frequency of MDR and XDR. It is important to study the prevalence of TB in areas with a high burden of infection, to which the Far East belongs. The aim of the research is to carry out genotyping of strains and assess the prevalence of CC1 and CC2 subtypes in the territory of Primorsky Krai. Materials and methods. The DNAs of 99 clinical isolates of MBT from Primorsky Krai have been genotyped by the 24-locus MIRU-VNTR and RD105/RD207. Results. The dominant number of strains pertained to Beijing genotype (59.6 %). The express method revealed 22 isolates of the CC2/W148 subtype, which had 6 different MIRU-VNTR-24 profile. According to MLVA classification MtbC 15-9, the most common among the isolates of CC2/W148 profile is 100-32 (59.1 %). Among these profiles the highest frequency of MDR/XDR was recorded – 69,2 %. According to the results of the express analysis, 39 isolates with 26 different MIRU-VNTR-24 profiles belonged to the CC1 subtype, of which the dominant number belonged to 99-32 and 94-32. Conclusions. The methods of express genotyping of epidemic subtypes of the Beijing genotype are very important for epidemiological surveillance and clinical practice. The developed methods allow to define a wider range of strains than previously used methods

Селективная гипотермия коры больших полушарий в комплексной реабилитации пациентов с хроническими нарушениями сознания

   Aim: to evaluate clinical effectiveness of selective hypothermia of cerebral cortex for the recovery of awareness in patients with chronic disorders of consciousness (CDC).   Material and methods. 111 patients with CDC 30 and more days after a cerebral event (ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, brain injury) were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were anoxic brain injury (sequelae of a prolonged asystole or asphyxia), active sepsis, arrhythmia, baseline hypothermia (body temperature lower than 35.5 °С). Experimental group included 60 patients, of them 39 patients were in a vegetative state (VS), 21 patients exhibited patterns of minimally conscious state (MCS). Control group incluted 51 patients, of them 32 patients were in VS and 19 patients were in MCS. Patients in the experimental group received 10 sessions (120 minutes each) of selective brain hypothermia (SBH) during the 14-days follow-up period. Patients of both groups received standard identical neurological treatment and rehabilitation procedures. Patients in the control group did not undergo brain hypothermia. The induction of SBH involved cooling of the whole surface of the craniocerebral area of scalp using special helmets. The temperature of the internal surface of the helmet was 3–7 °С. Temperature of the frontal lobes of the cortex was monitored with non-invasive microwave radiothermometry, axillary temperature was also registered. The level of consciousness was evaluated using «Coma Recovery Scale-Revised» (CRS-R) scale.   Results. 120-minutes long SBH session reduced the temperature of the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex by 2.4–3.1 °С with no impact on the axillary temperature. Evaluation using CRS-R revealed improvement in all studied functions (auditory, visual, motor, oromotor, communication, arousal) in patients in the experimental group after 10 SBH sessions. Level of consciousness in patients from the experimental group in VS increased from 4.5 ± 0.33 to 8.7 ± 0.91 points (P < 0.001), for patients in MCS from 11.3 ± 1.0 to 18.2 ± 0.70 (P < 0.001) points. In the control group, scores of patients in VS rose from 4.3 ± 0.37 to 6.8 ± 0.49 (P < 0.001) points with the most significant changes in auditory and visual functions (P<0.001). In the control group of patients in MCS the oromotor function improved (P < 0.05), overall CRS-R scores changed insignificantly from 9.1 ± 0.57 to 10.1 ± 0.86 (P < 0.1). The best outcome (CRS-R > 19 points) was seen in patients from the experimental group [6 in VS (15.4 %) and 8 in MCS (31.8 %)]. In the control group, the best results did not exceed 10 points for the patents in VS, while 4 patients in MCS (21 %) reached 12–16 scores. During 30-day follow-up period of hospitalization after the SBH sessions mortality rate was 10 % (6 patients) in the experimental group and 21.6% (11 patients) in the control group.   Conclusion. Patients with CDC could benefit from serial SBH sessions performed as a part of comprehensive treatment and rehabilitation strategy. We suggest that selective reduction of frontal lobe temperature improves neurogenesis, neuronal regeneration, and neuroplasticity.   Цель исследования. Оценить перспективы клинического применения селективной гипотермии коры больших полушарий головного мозга (СГКМ) у пациентов с хроническими нарушениями сознания (ХНС).   Материал и методы. В пилотное открытое когортное исследование включили 111 пациентов с ХНС через 30 и более дней после церебральных катастроф (ишемический и геморрагических инсульты, травмы головного мозга). Критерии исключения: аноксические повреждения головного мозга (последствия длительной асистолии, асфиксии), активный септический процесс, нарушения сердечного ритма, исходная гипотермия (ниже 35,5 °С). Основную группу составили 60 пациентов: в вегетативном состоянии (ВС), n = 39 и в состоянии минимального сознания (СМС), n = 21. Группу сравнения — 51 пациент: в ВС, n = 32 и в СМС, n = 19. Пациентам основной группы выполнили 10 сеансов СГКМ длительностью 120 минут в период 14-и дней наблюдения. В обеих группах пациентам проводили стандартную медикаментозную нейротропную терапию и реабилитационные мероприятия. Пациентам группы сравнения СГКМ не проводили. Для индукции СГКМ охлаждали всю поверхность краниоцеребральной области головы с помощью шлемов-криоаппликаторов при температуре внутренней поверхности шлемов 3–7 °С. Контролировали температуру лобных отделов коры мозга при помощи неинвазивной СВЧ-радиотермометрии, регистрировали аксиальную температуру. Уровень сознания оценивали по шкале восстановления после комы «Coma Recovery Scale-Revised» (CRS-R, 2004 г.).   Результаты. Применение СГКМ позволило снизить температуру лобных отделов коры мозга на 2,4–3,1 °С без изменений аксиальной температуры. У пациентов основной группы выявили статистически значимый рост всех исследованных функций (слуховой, зрительной, двигательной, речевой, коммуникативной, бодрствования). Суммарный показатель вырос от 6,9 ± 0,6 до 12,1 ± 0,9 баллов (р < 0,001). У пациентов в ВС — от 4,5 ± 0,3 до 8,7 ± 0,9 баллов (р < 0,001), у пациентов в СМС — от 11,3 ± 1,0 до 18,2 ± 0,7 баллов (р < 0,001). В группе сравнения суммарный показатель вырос от 6,1 ± 0,5 до 8,1 ± 0,5 (р < 0,05). У пациентов в ВС суммарные данные возросли от 4,3 ± 0,4 до 6,8 ± 0,5 баллов (р < 0,001), причем наиболее значимо нарастали слуховая и зрительная функции (р < 0,001). У пациентов группы сравнения в СМС возросла речевая функция (р < 0,05), а суммарные показатели повысились незначительно от 9,1 ± 0,6 до 10,1 ± 0,9 баллов (р > 0,1). Лучшие результаты (CRS-R > 16 баллов) получили у пациентов основной группы: в ВС — у 6-и пациентов (15,4 %) и СМС — у 8-и (38,1 %). В группе сравнения у пациентов в ВС лучшие результаты по CRS-R не превышали 10 баллов, а у 4-х пациентов в СМС (21 %) на 14-ый день был достигнут уровень 12–16 баллов. При наблюдении в течение 30 дней после курса СГКМ летальность пациентов основной группы составила 6 пациентов (10 %), в группе сравнения — 11 пациентов (21,6 %).   Заключение. Применение курсов СГКМ у пациентов с ХНС в составе комплексных лечебно-реабилитационных мероприятий целесообразно. Высказали предположение, что селективное понижение температуры коры больших полушарий улучшает процессы нейрогенеза, нейрорегенерации и нейропластичности

Molecular epidemiology of multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Mongolia and Eastern Siberia: two independent dissemination processes for dominant strains

Mongolia and Russia are among the countries with the high tuberculosis (TB) burden. The prevalence of tuberculosis, including multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR), in Eastern Siberia bordering Mongolia is significantly higher than in the European part of Russia. In addition, unlike Mongolia, Eastern Siberia is characterized by a high prevalence of HIV infection. The cross-border spread of socially significant infections in these countries seems to occur due to their wide-range cooperation and cultural exchange. Whereas the HIV infection has no epidemiological significance for Mongolia at the moment, tuberculosis, however, has a similar prevalence on both sides of the border. The aim was to evaluate the cross-border MDR M. tuberculosis distribution in Mongolia and Eastern Siberia by using molecular genetic data. Materials and methods. A total of 1045 M. tuberculosis strains isolated in Mongolia (291) and the three regions of Eastern Siberia (754) were studied by using the MIRU-VNTR-24 loci genotyping. The CC2/W148 and CC1 subtypes were identified by the specific deletion in the kdpD gene and SNP in the pks17 gene at position 1887060, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of MIRU-VNTR patterns was carried out by generating UPGMA tree and maximum likelihood tree. Results. The Beijing genotype was found in 75.3% (219/291) and 69.0% (520/754) from Mongolian and East Siberian collection, respectively. Common minor genotypes were LAM (11.0% and 15.1%), T (10.3% and 4.5%), and Haarlem (1.4% and 2.4%) found in Mongolia and Eastern Siberia, respectively. The genotypes S (1.3%) and Ural (5.0%) were found solely in the Russia-derived samples. The main epidemic Beijing subtypes in each country belonged to different clonal complexes (CC): the majority of Mongolian Beijing strains displayed profiles 342-32, 3819-32, 1773-32 MLVA types and belonged to the CC4 subtype; Russian Beijing strains mainly belonged to the CC1 (43.7% — 227/520) and CC2/W148 (34.8% — 181/520) subtypes. The MDR level and distribution patterns differed significantly between Mongolia and Eastern Siberia. Modeling of Beijing strain expansion evidences about extremely subtle contribution of the M. tuberculosis cross-border transmission between Mongolia and Russia. The phylogenetic reconstruction of Beijing CC4 subtype evolution in Mongolia suggests that its distribution is primarily associated with China and other countries of the Western Pacific Region. Three main phylogenetic branches of CC4 subtype were traced, which probably spread throughout Mongolia in the 11—12th centuries. It may be assumed that spreading of the epidemic Beijing CC4 subtype might occur in two stages: early period — emergence of ancestral CC4 variants in Mongolia or their introduction from China (they are homologous to the strains preserved in the Chinese population), later period — dissemination due to the active exchange of M. tuberculosis with countries of Southeast Asia, but not Russia. Conclusion. Using MIRU-VNTR-24 genotyping as well as classification according to specific single nucleotide polymorphisms specific to certain Beijing subtypes, it allowed to describe separate patterns of the epidemic variants spread in Mongolia and Russia. It has been demonstrated that emergence and spread of MDR-TB in Mongolia are entirely iatrogenic in nature, while the epidemic subtypes of the Beijing genotype (subtypes CC1 and CC2/W148) contribute markedly into the MDR-TB spreading in Eastern Siberia