Jordan-Schwinger map, 3D harmonic oscillator constants of motion, and classical and quantum parameters characterizing electromagnetic wave polarization

In this work we introduce a generalization of the Jauch and Rohrlich quantum Stokes operators when the arrival direction from the source is unknown {\it a priori}. We define the generalized Stokes operators as the Jordan-Schwinger map of a triplet of harmonic oscillators with the Gell-Mann and Ne'eman SU(3) symmetry group matrices. We show that the elements of the Jordan-Schwinger map are the constants of motion of the three-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator. Also, we show that generalized Stokes Operators together with the Gell-Mann and Ne'eman matrices may be used to expand the polarization density matrix. By taking the expectation value of the Stokes operators in a three-mode coherent state of the electromagnetic field, we obtain the corresponding generalized classical Stokes parameters. Finally, by means of the constants of motion of the classical three-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator we describe the geometric properties of the polarization ellips

A survey of the homotopy properties of inclusion of certain types of configuration spaces into the Cartesian product

International audienceLet $X$ be a topological space. In this survey we consider several types of configuration spaces, namely the classical (usual) configuration spaces $F_n(X)$ and $D_n(X)$, the orbit configuration spaces $F_n^G(X)$ and $F_n^G(X)/S_n$ with respect to a free action of a group $G$ on $X$, and the graph configuration spaces $F_n^{\Gamma}(X)$ and $F_n^{\Gamma}(X)/H$, where $\Gamma$ is a graph and $H$ is a suitable subgroup of the symmetric group $S_n$. The ordered configuration spaces $F_n(X)$, $F_n^G(X)$, $F_n^{\Gamma}(X)$ are all subsets of the $n$-fold Cartesian product $\prod_1^n\, X$ of $X$ with itself, and satisfy $F_n^G(X)\subset F_n(X) \subset F_n^{\Gamma}(X)\subset \prod_1^n\, X$. If $A$ denotes one of these configuration spaces, we analyse the difference between $A$ and $\prod_1^n\, X$ from a topological and homotopical point of view. The principal results known in the literature concern the usual configuration spaces. We are particularly interested in the homomorphism on the level of the homotopy groups of the spaces induced by the inclusion $\iota \colon\thinspace A \longrightarrow \prod_1^n\, X$, the homotopy type of the homotopy fibre $I_{\iota}$ of the map $\iota$ via certain constructions on various spaces that depend on $X$, and the long exact sequence in homotopy of the fibration involving $I_{\iota}$ and arising from the inclusion $\iota$. In this respect, if $X$ is either a surface without boundary, in particular if $X$ is the $2$-sphere or the real projective plane, or a space whose universal covering is contractible, or an orbit space $\mathbb{S}^k/G$ of the $k$-dimensional sphere by a free action of a Lie Group $G$, we present some recent results obtained in [23,24] for the first case, and in [18] for the second and third cases. We briefly indicate some older results relative to the homotopy of these spaces that are related to the problems of interest. In order to motivate various questions, for the remaining types of configuration spaces, we describe and prove a few of their basic properties. We finish the paper with a list of open questions and problems