Заболевания щитовидной железы и первичная открытоугольная глаукома: есть ли связь?

PURPOSE: To investigate a possible association between reduced thyroid function and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) development.METHODS: A retrospective study included 71 patients (57 women, 14 men) in the POAG group and 76 patients (52 women, 24 men) in the control group. In the POAG group, the average patient age was 67.12±6.47 years and in the control group — 65.30±5.97 years (p>0.5). To evaluate the thyroid function, we assessed mean levels of thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (T4), anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies and the endocrinologist’s report. Additionally, biochemical blood indicators were measured: levels of glucose, cholesterol, high and low density lipoproteins (HDL, LDL), and triglycerides (TG).RESULTS: Mean level of free T4 in the POAG group was significantly lower (15.05±2.2 pmol/l) than in the control group (20.65±14.5 pmol/l). Endocrine disorders were more often diagnosed in the POAG group: nodular goiter was observed in 25.35% of patients compared to 15.79% of the control subjects, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis — in 11.27% of patients and 6.58% of the control subjects. Diabetes mellitus was detected 3.7 times more frequently in the POAG group (9.86%) than in the control group (2.63%). Levels of cholesterol and TG tended to be higher in the POAG group. In 70.4% of patients, the level of cholesterol was above normal (compared to 63.2% of the control subjects) and in 12.7% of patients the TG level was above normal (compared to 7.9% of the control subjects).CONCLUSION: The results of our study suggest that hormonal profile changes in the thyroid gland can be associated with POAG development. Apparently, thyroid disorders may be considered as a potential risk factor of primary open-angle glaucoma development. ЦЕЛЬ. Изучить взаимосвязь нарушений гормонального профиля щитовидной железы с развитием первичной открытоугольной глаукомы (ПОУГ).МЕТОДЫ. В ходе ретроспективного исследования проанализированы показатели функции щитовидной железы и биохимические показатели крови у 71 пациента с ПОУГ (57 женщин и 14 мужчин) и 76 пациентов без ПОУГ (52 женщины и 24 мужчины), которые вошли в группу контроля. Средний возраст пациентов в группе ПОУГ составил 67,12±6,47 года, в контрольной группе — 65,30±5,97 года (p>0,5). Для оценки функционального состояния щитовидной железы были использованы лабораторные показатели: уровни тиреотропного гормона (ТТГ), свободного тироксина (Т4), антител к пероксидазе, а также заключение эндокринолога. Дополнительно анализировали уровень глюкозы, холестерина (ХС), липопротеидов (ЛП) высокой и низкой плотности, триглицеридов (ТГЦ).РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. У пациентов с ПОУГ выявлен значимо более низкий уровень свободного Т4 (15,05±2,2 пмоль/л), чем в контрольной группе (20,65±14,5 пмоль/л). В этой группе чаще диагностировали эндокринологические расстройства, в частности, заболевания щитовидной же- лезы: узловой зоб отмечен у 25,35% пациентов (в группе контроля — у 15,79%), хронический аутоиммунный тиреоидит — у 11,27% пациентов (в группе контроля — у 6,58%). При ПОУГ также в 3,7 раза чаще диагностирован сахарный диабет 2 типа (у 9,86% пациентов, в контрольной группе — у 2,63%). У пациентов с ПОУГ наблюдалась тенденция к более высокому уровню холестерина (ХС): этот показатель был выше нормы у 70,4% пациентов, в группе контроля — у 63,2%. Уровень триглицеридов (ТГЦ) был также выше нормы у 12,7% пациентов с ПОУГ, в группе контроля — у 7,9%.ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Полученные результаты указывают на наличие взаимосвязи между изменениями гормонального профиля щитовидной железы и развитием ПОУГ. По-видимому, заболевания щитовидной железы могут рассматриваться как фактор риска развития ПОУГ.

Industrial Systems Biology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Enables Novel Succinic Acid Cell Factory.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most well characterized eukaryote, the preferred microbial cell factory for the largest industrial biotechnology product (bioethanol), and a robust commerically compatible scaffold to be exploitted for diverse chemical production. Succinic acid is a highly sought after added-value chemical for which there is no native pre-disposition for production and accmulation in S. cerevisiae. The genome-scale metabolic network reconstruction of S. cerevisiae enabled in silico gene deletion predictions using an evolutionary programming method to couple biomass and succinate production. Glycine and serine, both essential amino acids required for biomass formation, are formed from both glycolytic and TCA cycle intermediates. Succinate formation results from the isocitrate lyase catalyzed conversion of isocitrate, and from the alpha-keto-glutarate dehydrogenase catalyzed conversion of alpha-keto-glutarate. Succinate is subsequently depleted by the succinate dehydrogenase complex. The metabolic engineering strategy identified included deletion of the primary succinate consuming reaction, Sdh3p, and interruption of glycolysis derived serine by deletion of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, Ser3p/Ser33p. Pursuing these targets, a multi-gene deletion strain was constructed, and directed evolution with selection used to identify a succinate producing mutant. Physiological characterization coupled with integrated data analysis of transcriptome data in the metabolically engineered strain were used to identify 2nd-round metabolic engineering targets. The resulting strain represents a 30-fold improvement in succinate titer, and a 43-fold improvement in succinate yield on biomass, with only a 2.8-fold decrease in the specific growth rate compared to the reference strain. Intuitive genetic targets for either over-expression or interruption of succinate producing or consuming pathways, respectively, do not lead to increased succinate. Rather, we demonstrate how systems biology tools coupled with directed evolution and selection allows non-intuitive, rapid and substantial re-direction of carbon fluxes in S. cerevisiae, and hence show proof of concept that this is a potentially attractive cell factory for over-producing different platform chemicals

ECOLOGICAL EDUCATION AS THE BASIS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (ON THE EXAMPLE OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF KIROVSKI DISTRICT OF THE CITY OF MAKHACHKALA, REPUBLIC OF DAGHESTAN)

Abstract. Aim. The aim of the study is to analyze and evaluate the current state of ecological education on the example of general education institutions of the Kirovski district of Makhachkala. Methods. The materials for the research were the results of the anonymous questionnaire survey of schoolchildren of 5-11 grades (secondary schools №21 and 3) The questionnaire was compiled on the basis of the Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development of the Dagestan State University. The statistical processing of the survey data was carried out using an Excel software package. Findings. The result of the conducted studies revealed the average level of the current state of the ecological education. Of the 141 respondents, (school №21) 51% answered correctly the question: "What is ecology?", 80% of schoolchildren of 5-8 grades apply their knowledge of ecology in their everyday life. Whereas of the 139 students surveyed (school №3) 67% of the respondents correctly answered the same question. When studying ecology, 53% of schoolchildren noted that more and more plants and animals die every year. Conclusion. The analysis of the studies shows the need to improve the level of environmental education and ecological culture in the general educational institutions of the Republic of Dagestan for more in-depth development of environmental knowledge, their application in practice with a view to improving the quality of life and addressing the major environmental problems of our time