Resting Behaviour of Broilers in Three Different Rearing Systems

The highest number of broilers is reared in the intensive fattening system on the floor with litter. Besides the intensive systems some sustainable rearing ways are also brought forward (ecological, biologic-dynamic, organic, etc.). The aim of this study was to establish the possible differences in resting behaviour of broilers in three rearing systems: intensive on the floor, free range, and organic system. The results showed great varieties between intensive and less intensive systems. In the intensive system on the floor animals rested statistically highly significantly more than in other two systems. However no differences in the behaviour of broilers in the stall were noticed, ifcompared to broilers in free range and those in the organic system. Comparison of the outdoor area showed that broilers rested statistically significantly more in the organic system. The reasons for different resting behaviour could be in leg weakness, body weight, group size, health problems, age, housing system, etc. Our research did not confirm our hypothesis that the older broilers rest more

Inelastic x-ray scattering in the vicinity of xenon <i>L</i>₃ edge

A series of x-ray emission spectra of xenon in the region of L₃M 5,4(Lα1,2) and L₃N5,4 (Lβ2,15) lines were recorded along the polarization direction of the incoming photons with energies ranging from 4779.4 to 4804.4 eV. A combination of monochromatic photon beam and high resolution x-ray spectrometer resulted in the experimental broadening of 1 eV allowing the observation of resonantly enhanced and narrowed emission lines from the decay of [2p3/2]n d,ns states. The measured spectra are decomposed into the continuum and resonant contributions to determine their relative emission strengths and the energies of the lowest resonant excitations converging to the L₃ edge. The calculated differential cross section for inelastically scattered photons is compared to the measured data. Each of the resonant states is described by a single relativistic configuration in the frame of the Dirac-Fock model, and the continuum contribution to the scattered light is evaluated within the Caldwell-Zare approach, which neglects anisotropic interaction of the ejected electron with the ion

Double photoexcitation [2(s,p)4(p,d)] in the Xe-isoelectronic series Cs+, Ba2+, La3+

Using the standard ansatz, the single, strongly dissipated harmonic component of EXAFS in aqueous medium is eliminated from L-shell absorption spectra of Xe-like ions Cs+, Ba2+, La3+. The remaining structures in the spectra are interpreted as double photoexcitations into [2(s,p)4(p,d)] vacancy states : they are analogous to the corresponding structures in absorption spectra of xenon, their energies agree fully with MCDF energies. Their relative probabilities are found to increase along the isoelectronic series, proportionally to the intensity of the "white line" 2p→5d. For the first time, an "adiabatic" change of double excitation features is studied

MIND YOUR GREY TONES – EXAMINING THE INFLUENCE OF DECOLOURIZATION METHODS ON INTEREST POINT EXTRACTION AND MATCHING FOR ARCHITECTURAL IMAGE-BASED MODELLING

This paper investigates the use of different greyscale conversion algorithms to decolourize colour images as input for two Structure-from-Motion (SfM) software packages. Although SfM software commonly works with a wide variety of frame imagery (old and new, colour and greyscale, airborne and terrestrial, large-and small scale), most programs internally convert the source imagery to single-band, greyscale images. This conversion is often assumed to have little, if any, impact on the final outcome. To verify this assumption, this article compares the output of an academic and a commercial SfM software package using seven different collections of architectural images. Besides the conventional 8-bit true-colour JPEG images with embedded sRGB colour profiles, for each of those datasets, 57 greyscale variants were computed with different colour-to-greyscale algorithms. The success rate of specific colour conversion approaches can therefore be compared with the commonly implemented colour-to-greyscale algorithms (luma Y’601, luma Y’709, or luminance CIE Y), both in terms of the applied feature extractor as well as of the specific image content (as exemplified by the two different feature descriptors and the various image collections, respectively). Although the differences can be small, the results clearly indicate that certain colour-to-greyscale conversion algorithms in an SfM-workflow constantly perform better than others. Overall, one of the best performing decolourization algorithms turns out to be a newly developed one

Intermediate phases in the formation of the Cu-Ba-Y high-Tc\mathrm{T_c} superconductor from xerogel

In the synthesis of YBa2Cu3O7−x superconductor ceramics by the sol-gel method, yttrium K EXAFS spectra of the intermediate products give evidence of the dynamics of the Y ion in the reaction. Together with previous data on Cu K and Ba L3 EXAFS, the results give information on the processes in the amorphous phase, complementing the diffraction data on crystalline growth

Strong multielectron absorption effects in the L-edge EXAFS spectra of elements from I to Ce

Strong multielectron photoabsorption structure, comparable in size to EXAFS amplitudes, is found in L-edge EXAFS spectra of Xe-isoelectronic ions Cs+-La3+. The spectra have been measured on amorphous samples (solutions, gels, and glasses) with a small single-wave EXAFS component. The structure is identified as a resonant transition to [2p4d]5d2 state: it is missing in the spectrum of iodine, but continues into the lanthanide series

Search for multiple K + L photoionization in solid transition elements by x-ray-absorption spectroscopy

The x-ray absorption of transition metals from Cr to Zn is examined in the energy region of K+L double photoabsorption. A variational procedure is developed to extract correlated components from pairs of spectra. Applied to absorption spectra taken at different sample temperatures, the procedure is used to suppress the extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure oscillations that pervade the K+L region in this range of elements. A relative sensitivity of 2×10$^{−3}$ to 3×10$^{−4}$ of the absorption coefficient, depending on the sample quality, is achieved. No significant features attributable to multiple photoexcitation are found in the spectra on that level, so that previous reports of K+L edges for Co, Ni, and Zn are not confirmed