Classification of Malaysian vowels using formant based features

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) has made great strides with the development of digital signal processing hardware and software, especially using English as the language of choice. Despite of all these advances, machines cannot match the performance of their human counterparts in terms of accuracy and speed, especially in case of speaker independent speech recognition. In this paper, a new feature based on formant is presented and evaluated on Malaysian spoken vowels. These features were classified and used to identify vowels recorded from 80 Malaysian speakers. A back propagation neural network (BPNN) model was developed to classify the vowels. Six formant features were evaluated, which were the first three formant frequencies and the distances between each of them. Results, showed that overall vowel classification rate of these three formant combinations are comparatively the same but differs in terms of individual vowel classification

An ultrastructural study of the Hepatopancreas of Indian white prawn Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards

Electron microscopic studies of the hepatopancrcatic tubule revealed four distinct cell type . The Embryonic cells were undifferentiated with a large nucleus and cytoplasm surrounding it. Golgi complex and free ribosomes wcre abundant. Fibrillar (F-cells) contained extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum with ribosome - studded cisternae. The golgi cisternae were always dilated with numerous zymogen grnnules. Secretory (B-cel1s) showed many vesicles and a large vacuol

Cholesterol requirements of juvenile Indian white prawn Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards

Cholesterol is an essential nutrient in the diet of juvenile P. indicus. Survival, growth FeR (Feed conversion ratio), PER (Protein efficiency ratio) and protein retention of juveniles were greally affected by cholesterol deficiency. The growth, FCR, PER and protein retention in the body were significantly improved on inclusion 01 0.5% cholesterol in the diet of prawn which resulted in more protein deposition in the body. Cholesterol requirement tor juvenile prawn seems to be 0.5% of the diet. No harmful effect was observed in the prawn on addi.tion of higher level (4%) cholesterol in its diet

Requirements of linoleic and linolenic acid in the diet of Indian white prawn Penaeus indicus, (H Milne Edwards)

Feeding trials using purified diets were carried out for determining the requirements of linoleic and lenolenic acid in the diet of In.dian white prawn Penaeus indicus. Nine isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated containing palmitic acid as basal lipid source. Various levels of ither individual or in mixture of linoleic and linolenic acid were used in these diets. When fed on diet without linoleic or linolenic acid (diet 1) the prawns exhibited poor growth, food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and protein utilisation thus indicating that these fatty acids are essential for the growth of P. indicus

Dietary lipid requirements of the juveniles of Indian white prawn Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards

Lipids are indispensable nutrients for growth and survival of shrimps and prawns (Kanazawa, 1985). However, information regarding quantitative lipid requirement of prawns is limited, though most researchers included lipid in th eir dietary formulations for prawns. Lipids derived from plant products, animal products and mixture of plant and animal products have been used in the diets of prawns according to their availability (Kanazawa, 1985). The level of lipid used in the diets also varied according to their convenience, without considering the dietary requirement of the animal concerned

Nutritive value of natural lipid sources for Indian white prawn, Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards

Experiments were conducted to ascertain the nutritive value of natural lipid sources for juveniles of P. indicu.~, Sixlccn isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were prepared using twelve naturally available oils, either individually or in combinl1tion" The diets containing marine animal lipid sources produced significantly better grwoth. FeR, PER and protein rctcn(iull in prawns than the diets containing only plant oils. Among the individual marine animal lipids, prawn head oil appeared to be a suitable lipid source. The diets containing a mixture of plant and animal lipids produced superior growth 'than individual plant or animal lipids (except prawn head oil), Among the rruxtures of lipid sources, a combination of cod liver oil, soybean oil and lecithia proved to be superior

Efficacy of a fungal fermented product as fishmeal replacement in the diet of Penaeus monodon Fabricius post-larvae

The efficacy of diets, formulated by inclusion of an Aspergillus niger fermented product (AFP) as fish meal substitute, for Penaeus monodon post-larvae was determined. AFP was derived by solid state fermentation (SSF) of a mixture of soybean flour, wheat flour, groundnut oil cake and sesame oil cake in the ratio of 4: 3: 2: 1 respectively for 96 h. The feeding trial was conducted in post-larvae stocked @10 animals in circular perspex tanks containing 40 l of water with five dietary treatments each with three replicates for 52 days. The diets containing graded levels of AFP substituting 0, 50, 150, 250 and 350 g kg-1 of fishmeal were fed to the post-larvae. Data on the growth performance and nutrient utilization efficiency were recorded from the feeding trials. Results showed that the post-larval shrimp fed diet containing 150 g kg-1 AFP exhibited significantly better (p<0.05) growth rate (14.79 mg d-1 post-larva-1), feed conversion ratio (1.62), protein efficiency ratio (1.64) and apparent protein utilization (25.39) than the other diets. The diet with 350 g kg-1 AFP showed the best apparent protein digestibility (87.74 %), apparent fat digestibility (97.95 %) and apparent dry matter digestibility coefficient (77.09 %) among the test diets. The results of the present study suggest that AFP can be used to improve the digestibility of nutrients and that partial replacement of fishmeal is possible in P. monodon post-larval diets under optimum rearing conditions

Preliminary screening of plant essential oils against larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)

Preliminary screenings of 22 plant essential oils were tested for mortality of the mosquito larvae Culex quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions. Percent (%) mortality of the mosquito larvae were obtained for each essential oil. At different exposure periods, viz. 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h among the 22 plant oils tested, eight oils viz., aniseed, calamus, cinnamon, clove, lemon, orange, thyme, and tulsi oils gave promising results on larvicidal activity. For larvicidal screening bioassay, the mortality was recorded at different exposure periods viz., 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, and it was found that larval mortality increased when exposure time increased. The clove oil was found to be the most effective treatment. In the preliminary screening, clove oil gave 100% mortality at all exposure periods. Vetiver oil recorded 36.2, 61.2, 76.2, 87.5 and 100% mortality in 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, respectively. Results of this study show that the essential oils may be a potent source of natural larvicides.Key words: Screening, essential oils, Culex quinquefasciatus, Larvicidal

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Certain Investigations on Vehicles Number Plate Identification using Top Hat Transform Algorithm and Optical Character Recognition

Investigation on vehicles number plate with top hat transforms is the method to recognize the characters on number plate utilizing the process like Image processing and OCR. The conception of this project is, first the image of the vehicle is to be captured. Next, the number plate of the vehicles is extracted from captured images using Top Hat transform algorithms. Conclusively, Optical Character Recognization recognizes the character presented in number plate. Additionally, the extracted data is stored in our database. This project can be implemented on various security zones like Parking Systems, Traffic Control areas, Toll gates, tracking of vehicles, etc. In the current scenario, the usage of vehicles increases day by day. Hence it's impossible to maintain the record manually for entire Vehicles. By expanding this system it becomes easy to sustain such rather records. In the majority of the nations, the extent of the number plate relies upon the aspect ratio. It can be figured by Width over Height. This work proposes the strategy for following Indian Number Plates of the vehicle. While contrasting other number plate extraction strategy this technique varies in such a path, in several strategies, they utilized just an area of a number plate for recognizing the character. However, in this method the entire vehicle can be included which first finds the particular zone of number plate then it executes character Recognition. Template matching technique where used in previous methods of number plate identification which one and only needs an area of a number plate. The disadvantages of previous techniques are it can only recognize already stored character in the templates and if there is more than one number plate, it is impossible to identify the sector of the number plate. Therefore to overcome such errors, we developed this algorithm which relatively gives better results while comparing with other methods. The absolute time taken for one execution is below 5 seconds