Optimizing Test Cases for Object-Oriented Software

- Testing object-oriented software is a challenging task. The inherent complexity in testing Object-oriented software is due to issues like inheritance and polymorphism. The behavior analysis and testing of object oriented software is significantly complicated because the state of the objects may cause faults that cannot be easily revealed with traditional testing techniques. This article proposes an improved technique for generating optimal number of test cases using mathematical techniques. The technique uses Colored Petri Nets (CPN), which is an extended version of Petri Nets. CPN’s are usually used for system modeling and simulation. The proposed method explores the problem to generate test cases that covers all instances of objects from different classes in the same hierarchy. It shows the effectiveness of technique by translating a specification represented by UML (unified modeling language) state chart into a CPN. The main solution of our approach will be implemented using CPN-tools

Antimicrobial activity of Gandhakadya Malahara in vitro study

Bhaishajya Kalpana Vigyana is the pharmacological branch of Ayurveda which deals with the preparation of herbal and herbo-mineral formulations. Malahara is a lately introduced dosage form to Ayurvedic system of medicine. Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites are present everywhere in the soil, water, and air are responsible for large number of infectious diseases in human beings. To avoid such problems our Acharyas has mentioned many Malaharayogas. Gandhakadya Malahara is one among them which is mentioned in Rasatarangini Gandhaka Vinjaniya Taranga

Prospective study of contraceptive knowledge among the patients seeking medical termination of pregnancy in 1st and 2nd trimester in a tertiary health care

Background: A rapid population growth is a burden on the resources of many developing countries. Unregulated fertility, which contributes to such situations compromise the economic development and political stability.Methods: It was a prospective, observational study over a period of 12 months at Vani Vilas hospital, attached to Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute. All patients seeking medical termination of pregnancy in I and II trimester in tertiary health care were evaluated for contraceptive knowledge.Results: Majority of the patients were from 25 – 30 years, educated, and had married life of 5 years, multipara, with no relationship with religion. The major reason for seeking termination of pregnancy was V i.e. failure of contraception. Intrauterine devices are the most popular method of contraception. There were various sources for knowledge.Conclusions: This study concludes that there is considerable level of knowledge and awareness about contraception in the above studied women but actual practice of those methods is low

ANTIOSTEOPOROTIC ACTIVITY OF ANTHRAQUINONE ISOLATED FROM MORINDA CITRIFOLIA FRUITS IN RATS

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the antiosteoporotic activity of isolated anthraquinones from Morinda citrifolia fruit extract inovariectomy (OVX) induced osteoporotic rats.Methods: All the rats were divided into 4 groups (n=6 each). Group I (sham control) received vehicle, p.o., Group II OVX control (vehicle, p.o.),Group III was OVX+standard raloxifene (5.4 mg/kg, p.o.), and Group IV was OVX+Physcion (100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 90 days.Results: The daily oral administration of isolated compound physcion (100 mg/kg) for 12 weeks to the rats prevented OVX-induced osteoporosis.This was examined by serum biomarkers such as alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase and showed significanteffects (p<0.0001). The femur bone strength assessed by three-point bending test showed improved bone strength in physcion treated rats, andthis was supported by enhanced bone mineral density (p<0.05). The ash parameters of femur bone studied from physcion treated rats exhibited asignificant (p<0.0001) value of ash weight followed by ash calcium content. Further, femur bone histological examination revealed the protectiveeffect of the compound physcion (100 mg/kg) against OVX-induced bone loss in rats, where it showed mineralization of trabecular spaces, improvedbone compactness thereby intact bone architecture.Conclusion: This study concludes that the isolated anthraquinone physcion had a preventive effect against OVX-induced bone loss in rats.Keywords: Morinda citrifolia, Physcion, Osteoporosis, Bone mineral density, Ash mineral content

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of breast feeding among lactating mothers in a tertiary care hospital in Dakshina Kannada district: a cross sectional survey

Background: Breastfeeding plays a crucial role in the general health and wellbeing of infants. However, this fact has been made to look inconsequential due to various misconceptions and lack of adequate knowledge among lactating mothers. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of breastfeeding among postnatal women in Dakshinakannada district of Karnataka, India. The objective was to educate them and encourage breastfeeding.Methods: This study is a cross-sectional survey conducted during a period of 2 months from November to January 2019 among 80 postnatal mothers regarding their KAP of breastfeeding. A questionnaire was designed from FAO guidelines for assessing nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes and practices manual and The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitudes. The data was collected by a single interviewer, collaborated into a 3-point Likert scale and analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: The study shows that 81.25% of the mothers had good knowledge regarding breastfeeding, but the alarming finding was that 46.6% of them had a neutral attitude towards it.Conclusions: The study showed that there is significant possibility for enhancing breastfeeding practices among lactating mothers by simple provision of supportive prenatal and postnatal counselling. The role played by healthcare workers in this context would be very imperative to accomplish millennium development goals of reducing infant mortality

House Price Index Methodology

This paper examines house price index methodology and explores what makes an index both practical and representative. Two approaches are investigated: predictive ability (quantitative) and index structure (qualitative). Five indices are analyzed, four of which are repeat sales indices in the traditional sense and an autoregressive index which makes use of the repeat sales idea but includes single sales as well. The autoregressive index has the best predictive performance

Vehicle Health Monitoring System Using ARDUINO and IOT

The paper portrays the execution of a model framework utilized for effective constant information securing, motor warming and blockage of fuel pipe. Legitimate vehicle observing and support can spare time, cash and enhance the possession encounter. Our framework takes a shot at Arduino and IoT stage used to separate different parameters like motor warming and blockage in fuel pipe and so forth for protected and cautious driving. The information is sent to IoT which can be checked both by vehicle producer through distributed computing and proprietor of the vehicle by the android application. The equipment unit comprises of Arduino, WI-FI module, android based portable and distinctive parameter checking sensors module

HLA-A<SUP>∗</SUP>0201-restricted cytotoxic T-cell epitopes in three PE/PPE family proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

CD8+ T cells are thought to play an important role in protective immunity against tuberculosis. We report the identification of three peptides derived from Rv1818c, Rv3812 and Rv3018c proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that bound to HLA-A&#8727;0201 molecules and their ability to induce in vitro T-cell response in peripheral blood lymphocytes from HLA-A&#8727;0201-positive healthy individuals (PPD+) and patients with TB. The peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated were capable of recognizing peptide pulsed targets. Three 9-mer peptides bound with high affinity to HLA-A&#8727;0201 and displayed low dissociation rates of the bound peptide from HLA. Epitope-specific recognition was demonstrated by the release of perforin and -interferon. Overall, our results demonstrate the presence of HLA class I-restricted CD8+ CTL against proteins from PE and PPE proteins of M. tuberculosis and identify epitopes that are strongly recognized by HLA-A&#8727;0201-restricted CD8+ T cells in humans. These epitopes thus represent potential subunit components for the design of vaccines against tuberculosis

Role of Doppler indices of umbilical and middle cerebral artery in prediction of perinatal outcome in preeclampsia

Background: Hypertension which develops de novo in pregnancy appears to be unique to human and continue to be a major cause of reported perinatal mortality. The aim and objectives of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of Umbilical and Middle cerebral artery Doppler in predicting the perinatal outcome in preeclampsia.Methods: A prospective study at Sri Siddhartha Medical College and Hospital between October2013-September2015 on 80pregnant women with preeclampsia at &gt;30weeks gestation. Studies of fetal vessels were performed using a pulsed Doppler ultrasound. Resistance Index (RI), Pulsatility Index (PI) and systolic/diastolic ratio (S/D) were measured in umbilical artery (UA) and Middle cerebral artery (MCA) and perinatal outcomes were monitored and statistically analyzed.Results: Out of 80 cases studied, 25 cases showed adverse perinatal outcome, among which 6 cases with perinatal death, 13 cases had low APGAR at 5minutes. 6 cases had NICU admission.Conclusions: Color Doppler has an important role in antepartum fetal surveillance in preeclampsia which can detect fetal compromise at an early stage. In our study pulsatility index of umbilical artery and ratio of MCA/UA PI was more sensitive than other parameters with PPV 78%