Teaching Plyometric Drills to Children: A Skill Theme Approach: Editor: Ferman Konukman

Considering the concerns that exist related to the risks and effectiveness of the plyometric training for children, the purpose of this article is to provide practical and developmentally appropriate teaching guidelines and examples of plyometric exercises to promote active and healthy lifestyles as well as athletic achievement in children.Scopu

Nebulized salbutamol for asthma: Effects on serum potassium and phosphate levels at the 60Â min

Objective: We conducted this prospective study to expand available information in relation to serum phosphate levels in treatment of acute asthma. A β-adrenergic agonist, salbutamol, was used for this purpose. Material and methods: Twenty-six patients who met the inclusion criteria as; age over 16 years, asthma history, and an acute exacerbation were included. Serum blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose were within normal limits in all the patients. None of the patients were on chronic theophylline therapy. Baseline serum phosphate and potassium levels were measured. Nebulized salbutamol (2.5 mg) was used three times at every hour. After 60 min, serum phosphate and potassium levels were measured. Results: Serum phosphate levels decreased from 3.7 ± 0.9 mg/dL (baseline) to 3.6±0.9 mg/dL at 60 min. This decrease was not statistically significant (p = 0.373). Serum potassium levels decreased significantly (p < 0.001) from 4.6 ± 0.7 mmol/L (baseline) to 4.3 ± 0.7 mmol/L (60 min). Conclusion: Administration of nebulized salbutamol during the emergency treatment of acute exacerbation of asthma is not associated with a statistical decrease in serum phosphate. There was significant hypokalemia. This study indicates that a further study is needed to elucidate the clinical significance of nebulized salbutamol on serum phosphate. Resumo: Objetivo: Levámos a cabo este estudo prospetivo para ampliar a informação disponível relativamente aos níveis de fosfato sérico no tratamento de asma aguda. Foi utilizado um agonista β-adrenérgico, salbutamol, para este efeito. Materiais e métodos: Foram incluídos 26 doentes que cumpriam os critérios de inclusão de: idade superior a 16 anos, história de asma, incluindo uma exacerbação aguda. A ureia do soro sanguíneo, creatinina e glucose estavam nos limites normais em todos os doentes. Nenhum dos doentes era submetido a terapia crónica de teofilina. Os níveis da base de referência de fosfato e potássio sérico foram medidos. O nebulizador de salbutamol (2,5 mg) era usado 3 vezes por hora. Após 60 min, os níveis da base de referência de fosfato e potássio sérico eram medidos. Resultados: Os níveis de fosfato sérico diminuíram de 3,7 ± 0,9 mg/dL (base de referência) para 3,6 ± 0,9 mg/dL aos 60 min. Esta redução não era estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,373). Os níveis de potássio sérico diminuíram significativamente (p < 0,001) de 4,6 ± 0,7 mmol/L (base de referência) para 4,3 ± 0,7 mmol/L aos 60 min. Conclusão: A administração de salbutamol nebulizado durante o tratamento de urgência de uma exacerbação aguda de asma não está associada a uma diminuição estatística do fosfato sérico. Ocorreu uma hipocalemia significativa. Este estudo indica que é necessário um estudo adicional para esclarecer o significado clínico do salbutamol nebulizado no fosfato sérico. Keywords: Salbutamol, Phosphate, Asthma, Palavras-chave: Salbutamol, Fosfato, Asm

Quality of life for obese women and men in Turkey

PubMed ID: 17572954Introduction Obesity is a complex, multifaceted disease that is widespread and growing in the developing world. People who are obese experience health-related quality-of-life impairments. Methods We administered the SF-36 Health Survey questionnaire to 1752 obese adults and 400 normal-weight adults in Izmir City, Turkey. We then compared the mean scores of the two groups by sex in eight quality-of-life domains. Results Differences in scores between obese women and normal-weight women were statistically significant in seven of eight SF-36 domains; differences in scores between obese men and normal-weight men were statistically significant in six of eight domains. Obese women were significantly more impaired than obese men in four of eight domains. Among obese women, 45.0% experienced a reduced quality of life, compared with only 13.2% of normal-weight women. Similarly, 41.3% of obese men experienced a reduced quality of life, compared with only 9.3% of normal-weight men. Conclusion Obesity is associated with poor levels of health, particularly poor levels of physical and social well-being

Level IIb lymph node metastasis in transglottic laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

The treatment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is based on proper design of therapeutic strategies aimed to control cervical lymph node metastasis. Cervical nodal metastasis is one of the most important prognostic factors in carcinoma of the larynx. [1] The incidence of clinically detectable lymph node metastasis in laryngeal carcinoma is high, and the levels II, III, and IV are the most commonly involved lymphatic groups in carcinoma of the larynx. Abstract Objective: To evaluate the clinical and pathologic parameters associated with level IIb metastasis in transglottic laryngeal carcinoma. Methods: A total of 238 laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients admitted to our tertiary center and surgically treated between January 2006 and January 2014. Of these 238 patients, 134 patients with transglottic laryngeal SCC were enrolled in the study. The type of neck dissection, the location of histopathologically proven metastatic lymph nodes, clinical N and T stages were reviewed. Palpable lymph nodes were accepted clinically cN(+) and the opposite as cN(-). Results: Of the 134 patients, 116 were diagnosed as cN(-), and 18 were as cN(+). Level IIb metastasis was diagnosed in 12 patients in the cN(+) group, and in two patients in the cN(-) group. Histopathological level IIb metastasis was shown in 14 of 134 patients, representing 16 of 268 neck dissection specimens. Level IIb metastasis was shown in the ipsilateral specimens in 12 patients and contralateral specimens in two patients. Forty-one of 134 patients presented cartilage invasion, and nine of them were diagnosed with level IIb metastasis. Conclusion: Thyroid cartilage invasion, the presence of level IIa invasion and advanced stage disease are the risk factors for level IIb metastasis. Therefore, level IIb should not be neglected during neck dissection in transglotticlaryngeal carcinoma

Phytochemical constituents, biological activities, and health-promoting effects of the genus Origanum

Origanum species are mostly distributed around the Mediterranean, Euro-Siberian, and Iran-Siberian regions. Since time immemorial, the genus has popularly been used in Southern Europe, as well as on the American continent as a spice now known all over the world under the name �oregano� or �pizza-spice.� Origanum plants are also employed to prepare bitter tinctures, wines, vermouths, beer, and kvass. The major components of Origanum essential oil are various terpenes, phenols, phenolic acids, and flavonoids with predominant occurrence of carvacrol and thymol (with reasonable amounts of p-cymen and -terpinene) or of terpinene-4-ol, linalool, and sabinene hydrate. Many species of Origanum genus are used to treat kidney, digestive, nervous, and respiratory disorders, spasms, sore throat, diabetes, lean menstruation, hypertension, cold, insomnia, toothache, headache, epilepsy, urinary tract infections, etc. Origanum essential oil showed potent bioactivities owing to its major constituents' carvacrol, thymol, and monoterpenes. Several preclinical studies evidenced its pharmacological potential as antiproliferative or anticancer, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-obesity, renoprotective, antiinflammatory, vasoprotective, cardioprotective, antinociceptive, insecticidal, and hepatoprotective properties. Its nanotechnological applications as a promising pharmaceutical in order to enhance the solubility, physicochemical stability, and the accumulation rate of its essential oils have been investigated. However, Origanum has been reported causing angioedema, perioral dermatitis, allergic reaction, inhibition of platelet aggregation, hypoglycemia, and abortion. Conclusive evidences are still required for its clinical applications against human medical conditions. Toxicity analyses and risk assessment will aid to its safe and efficacious application. In addition, elaborate structure�activity studies are needed to explore the potential use of Origanum-derived phytochemicals as promising drug candidates. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd