The Theory and Practice of International Fishery Development-Management

The Article takes a glance international organizations and treatises concerning the Law of the Sea. An evaluation of these mechanisms is given and recommendations as to whether they need strengthening in the United Nations

FEDERAL PROCEDURE-JURISDICTION-REMOVAL UNDER SECTION 1441(C) OF TITLE 28 BY NONRESIDENT DEFENDANT WHERE JOINT TORTS CAUSE A SINGLE INJURY

Plaintiff, a citizen of Utah, brought a joint action for damages in a state court of Utah against Powell, also a citizen of Utah, and the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad Company, a Delaware corporation. Plaintiff alleged both an assault and battery by Powell in the depot of the railroad company, and negligence of the railroad company in failing to take action to prevent or arrest this assault. The railroad company had the entire action removed to the federal district court under section 1441(c) of the Judicial Code. Upon motion of the railroad company, the claim against it was severed, and eventually compromised and dismissed. Plaintiff then filed a motion to remand his remaining action against Powell, which was denied. After judgment went for Powell, plaintiff appealed. The court of appeals held, remanded with instructions to vacate the judgment against Powell and remand this action to the state court. Under section 1441(c) of the Judicial Code, no separate and independent claim or cause of action existed as there was but a single injury for which relief was sought. Snow v. Powell, (10th Cir. 1951) 189 F. (2d) 172

CIVIL PROCEDURE-JUDGMENTS--PLEA OF GUILTY IN CRIMINAL ACTION AS BASIS FOR COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL IN LATER CIVIL ACTION

Defendant had pleaded guilty to specific criminal charges under the False Claims Act. The United States then sued defendant to recover civil damages under the Contract Settlement Act on the same fact situation. When defendant attempted to contest the verity of facts to which he had pleaded guilty in the earlier criminal action, the United States attempted to have defendant estopped as a matter of res judicata, asking the court for a directed verdict as to the issues decided in the criminal action. Held, directed verdict as to those issues to which the defendant had pleaded guilty would be granted when separated from matters based on new issues and facts. United States v. Bower, (D.C. Tenn. 1951) 95 F. Supp. 19

FEDERAL PROCEDURE-JURISDICTION-NO APPEAL ALLOWED UNDER RULE 54(b) WHEN SEPARATED CLAIM NOT FINAL

Flegenheimer sued Manitoba Sugar Co., a Canadian Corporation, in a Vermont state court for breach of an employment contract to gain jurisdiction, Flegenheimer attached parcels of beet pulp which he claimed were the property of the Manitoba Co. After this action was removed to the federal district court, General Mills, Inc., was granted leave to intervene to establish ownership of the beet pulp. The claim of General Mills was dismissed after being heard on the merits. The order dismissing the claim contained a determination that no just reason for delay existed, and it therefore directed an entry of judgment under federal rule 54(b). From this order General Mills appealed. The Court of Appeals on its own motion held, appeal dismissed. Rule 54(b) was not intended to give the district courts power to make final, and therefore appealable, that which was not final before. Since the dismissal on the merits of an intervenor\u27s claim would not be a final\u27\u27 order, the determination and direction by the district court would be of no avail. Flegenheimer v. General Mills, (2d Cir. 1951) 191 F.(2d) 237

FEDERAL PROCEDURE-VENUE-TRANSFER UNDER SECTION 1404(a) TO DISTRICT WHERE VENUE ORIGINALLY WOULD HAVE BEEN IMPROPER

Civil anti-trust actions were properly brought against defendants in the Federal District Court for the District of Delaware. Defendants sought a transfer of the suits to a district court in Texas under section 1404(a) of the Judicial Code, which allows a transfer when requirements of convenience are met to any district where the suit might have been brought Although venue in the Texas District Court would not have been proper when the suits were originally instituted, defendants claimed that their express waiver of improper venue removed the bar to transfer. The district court ruled that it lacked the power to make the transfer. On petition to the court of appeals for a writ of mandamus, held, two judges dissenting, that transfer can be made if the district court feels that it would serve the convenience of parties and witnesses and would be in the interest of justice. Paramount Pictures v. Rodney, (3d Cir. 1950) 186 F. (2d) 111

Silva: PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION

A Review of PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION. By Ruth C. Silva

Proportional electro-hydraulic valves: from analogue to digital control

Proportional electro-hydraulic valves are ubiquitous as flow actuators in hydraulic systems. Flow regulation is the result of the accurate positioning of a spool driven by a solenoid and a position sensor, usually a Linear Variable Differential Transformer. The overall control consists of two hierarchical loops: the inner loop is the solenoid current regulator with a closed-loop bandwidth close to 1 kHz. A model-based digital regulator of this kind has been presented elsewhere: requirements and performance are here reminded. The outer loop is a position tracking control, in charge of an accurate positioning of the spool with respect to the valve openings. The paper addresses the outer loop and concentrates on the conversion of an existing industrial analogue controller into a digital one. The analogue controller is a nonlinear proportional, integrative and derivative controller including a second-order derivative, and is capable of recovering a dead-band hysteresis. The digital conversion provides the necessary position derivatives through a state predictor, in order to withstand the 5-kHz Nyquist limit of the power supplier. As such it departs from traditional conversions dating back to more than ten years ago. The digital control law is fed by the state predictions and repeats the analogue control law with some improvements. Preliminary experiments prove that the conversion repeats and improves analogue performance. Some flaws of the resulting digital controller are outlined and discussed in view of a model-based conversion.

Proportional electro-hydraulic valves: from analogue to digital control

Proportional electro-hydraulic valves are ubiquitous as flow actuators in hydraulic systems. Flow regulation is the result of the accurate positioning of a spool driven by a solenoid and a position sensor, usually a Linear Variable Differential Transformer. The overall control consists of two hierarchical loops: the inner loop is the solenoid current regulator with a closed-loop bandwidth close to 1 kHz. A model-based digital regulator of this kind has been presented elsewhere: requirements and performance are here reminded. The outer loop is a position tracking control, in charge of an accurate positioning of the spool with respect to the valve openings. The paper addresses the outer loop and concentrates on the conversion of an existing industrial analogue controller into a digital one. The analogue controller is a nonlinear proportional, integrative and derivative controller including a second-order derivative, and is capable of recovering a dead-band hysteresis. The digital conversion provides the necessary position derivatives through a state predictor, in order to withstand the 5-kHz Nyquist limit of the power supplier. As such it departs from traditional conversions dating back to more than ten years ago. The digital control law is fed by the state predictions and repeats the analogue control law with some improvements. Preliminary experiments prove that the conversion repeats and improves analogue performance. Some flaws of the resulting digital controller are outlined and discussed in view of a model-based conversion.

Digital current regulator for proportional electro-hydraulic valves featuring unknown disturbance rejection

Solenoid current regulation is well-known and standard in any proportional electro-hydraulic valve. The goal is to provide a wide-band transfer function from the reference to the measured current, thus making the solenoid a fast and ideal force actuator within the limits of the power supplier. The supplier is usually a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) amplifier fixing the voltage bound and the Nyquist frequency of the regulator. Typical analogue regulators include three main terms: a feedforward channel, a proportional feedback channel and the electromotive force compensation. The latter compensation may be also accomplished by integrative feedback. Here the problem is faced through a model-based design (Embedded Model Control), on the basis of a wide-band embedded model of the solenoid which includes the effect of eddy currents. To this end model parameters must be identified. The embedded model includes a stochastic disturbance dynamics capable of estimating and correcting the electromotive contribution together with the model parametric uncertainty, variability and state dependence. The embedded model which is fed by the measured current and the supplied voltage becomes a state predictor of the controllable and disturbance dynamics. The control law combines a reference generator, state feedback and disturbance rejection to dispatch the PWM with the appropriate duty cycle. Modeling, identification and control design are outlined together with experimental result. Comparison with an existing analogue regulator is also provided

Impaired Spatial Reorientation in the 3xTg-AD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

In early Alzheimer's disease (AD) spatial navigation is impaired; however, the precise cause of this impairment is unclear. Recent evidence suggests that getting lost is one of the first impairments to emerge in AD. It is possible that getting lost represents a failure to use distal cues to get oriented in space. Therefore, we set out to look for impaired use of distal cues for spatial orientation in a mouse model of amyloidosis (3xTg-AD). To do this, we trained mice to shuttle to the end of a track and back to an enclosed start box to receive a water reward. Then, mice were trained to stop in an unmarked reward zone to receive a brain stimulation reward. The time required to remain in the zone for a reward was increased across training, and the track was positioned in a random start location for each trial. We found that 6-month female, but not 3-month female, 6-month male, or 12-month male, 3xTg-AD mice were impaired. 6-month male and female mice had only intracellular pathology and male mice had less pathology, particularly in the dorsal hippocampus. Thus, AD may cause spatial disorientation as a result of impaired use of landmarks