9,739 research outputs found
Non-equilibrium effects in steady relativistic winds
We consider an ultra-relativistic wind consisting of electron-positron pairs
and photons with the principal goal of finding the asymptotic Lorentz factor
for zero baryon number. The wind is assumed to originate at
radius where it has a Lorentz factor and a temperature
sufficiently high to maintain pair equilibrium. As increases, decreases
and becomes less than the temperature corresponding to the electron mass ,
after which non-equilibrium effects become important. Further out in the flow
the optical depth drops below one, but the pairs may still be
accelerated by the photons until falls below . Radiative transfer calculations show that only at this point
do the radiation flux and pressure start to deviate significantly from their
blackbody values. The acceleration of the pairs increases by a factor
as compared to its value at the photosphere; it is shown to approach
\gamma_{\infty} \sim 1.4\times 10^3 (r_i/10^6\mbox{cm})^{1/4} \gamma_{i}^{3/4}
T_i/m_e.Comment: 41 pages, 9 figures. Submitted to MNRA
How to allocate scarce health resources without discriminating against people with disabilities
One widely used method for allocating health care resources involves the use of cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) to rank treatments in terms of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained. CEA has been criticized for discriminating against people with disabilities by valuing their lives less than those of non-disabled people. Avoiding discrimination seems to lead to the ’QALY trap’: we cannot value saving lives equally and still value raising quality of life. This paper reviews existing responses to the QALY trap and argues that all are problematic. Instead, we argue that adopting a moderate form of prioritarianism avoids the QALY trap and disability discrimination
Strong absorption and selective thermal emission from a mid-infrared metamaterial
We demonstrate thin-film metamaterials with resonances in the mid-infrared
wavelength range. Our structures are numerically modeled and experimentally
characterized by reflection and angularly-resolved thermal emission
spectroscopy. We demonstrate strong and controllable absorption resonances
across the mid-infrared wavelength range. In addition, the polarized thermal
emission from these samples is shown to be highly selective and largely
independent of emission angles from normal to 45 degrees. Experimental results
are compared to numerical models with excellent agreement. Such structures hold
promise for large-area, low-cost metamaterial coatings for control of gray- or
black-body thermal signatures, as well as for possible mid-IR sensing
applications.Comment: The following article has been submitted to Appl. Phys. Lett. After
it is published, it will be found at http://apl.aip.org/. 14 pages including
4 figure page
Hohenberg-Kohn theorem for the lowest-energy resonance of unbound systems
We show that under well-defined conditions the Hohenberg-Kohn theorem (HKT)
can be extended to the lowest-energy resonance of unbound systems. Using the
Gel'fand Levitan theorem, the extended version of the HKT can also be applied
to systems that support a finite number of bound states. The extended version
of the HKT provides an adequate framework to carry out DFT calculations of
negative electron affinities.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Merits Stripping
As the debate rages about the power and wisdom of Congress to “strip” federal courts of jurisdiction to adjudicate particular controversial federal issues, the discussion either ignores another means of constricting the power and influence of the courts. That is the distinct act of “merits stripping.” Merits stripping eliminates, limits, or diminishes enforceable substantive rights and the merits of claims brought to enforce those rights. Merits strips diminish the amount of real-world actors and conduct subject to legal duties and protected by legal rights. Merits striping limits who can sue whom over what conduct. Merits strips can target statutory or constitutional rights and can be affected by the legislative, executive, or judicial departments, acting individually or in concert. A “strip” occurs whenever the scope of legal rights (and the legal duties those rights impose on others) falls below some baseline of preexisting law or normative preference.
Unfortunately, courts and commentators often conflate merits stripping with true jurisdiction stripping. But they are necessarily distinct concepts and such conflation confounds our ability to understand both. Three differences loom. First, while jurisdiction strips shift litigation out of federal court and into another forum (presumably state courts), merits strips eliminate enforceable rights altogether, in any forum. Second, the manner of litigating and resolving legal and factual issues will be different, depending on whether the “stripping enactment” being applied in court targets merits or jurisdiction; this distinction between merits stripping and jurisdiction stripping is a sub-category of the broader differences between judicial jurisdiction and substantive merits. Third, and most importantly, the structural and constitutional controversy surrounding the power to jurisdiction strip does not apply to merits stripping. Congress clearly has the power to redefine statutory rights, including narrowing those rights; courts clearly have the power to define constitutional rights, including narrowing those rights. One might disagree with the resulting scope of federal rights. But one cannot question the basic power to define those rights.
This article defines and examines multiple examples of merits stripping of federal statutory and constitutional rights. It then considers the differences between merits stripping and jurisdiction stripping and how those differences play out in court. Ultimately, distinguishing these concepts is essential to understanding the operation of federal law in the federal courts
Two Degrees of Speech Protection: Free Speech Through the Prism of Agricultural Disparagement Laws
In the wake of a 1989 national television broadcast reporting the alleged cancer risk of a chemical applied to apples on trees, many states passed agricultural product disparagement (APD) statutes. These statutes grant civil causes of action to the growers and sellers of perishable food products, against anyone who speaks negatively or disparagingly, without basis in scientific evidence, about the product\u27s safety. In this Article, Howard M Wasserman explores the interplay between the APD statutes and the First Amendment. First, Mr. Wasserman discusses the three categories of restrictions on the freedom of speech, focusing primarily on private civil tort actions for the redress of harms caused by expressive actions. Next, he addresses two lines of protection against these First Amendment restrictions: (1) a combination of substantive law and procedural protections that courts have developed since the Supreme Court\u27s 1964 New York Times v. Sullivan decision; and (2) the use of exacting judicial scrutiny for laws, such as APD statutes, that entail content discrimination. Finally, the Article concludes that the APD statutes contravene free speech protections and should be struck down as unconstitutional violations of the First Amendment
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