15,568 research outputs found
Polymerization of ethylene oxide using yttrium isopropoxide
Well defined poly(ethylene oxide)s were prepared using yttrium isopropoxide as an initiator. End group analysis using 1H- and 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed that only polymers with isopropyl ether and hydroxyl end groups were produced. The molecular weight is controlled by the initial amount of initiator added and low polydispersity polymer (Mw/Mn ≈ 1.1) was isolated. Sequential polymerization indicated the suitability of this initiator for macromolecular engineering
What drives the translocation of stiff chains?
We study the dynamics of the passage of a stiff chain through a pore into a
cell containing particles that bind reversibly to it. Using Brownian Molecular
Dynamics simulations we investigate the mean-first-passage time as a function
of the length of the chain inside, for different concentrations of binding
particles. As a consequence of the interactions with these particles, the chain
experiences a net force along its length whose calculated value from the
simulations accounts for the velocity at which it enters the cell. This force
can in turn be obtained from the solution of a generalized diffusion equation
incorporating an effective Langmuir adsorption free energy for the chain plus
binding particles. These results suggest a role of binding particles in the
translocation process which is in general quite different from that of a
Brownian ratchet. Furthermore, non-equilibrium effects contribute significantly
to the dynamics, \emph{e.g.}, the chain often enters the cell faster than
particle binding can be saturated, resulting in a force several times smaller
than the equilibrium value.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure
Exact solutions of charged wormhole
In this paper, the backreaction to the traversable Lorentzian wormhole
spacetime by the scalar field or electric charge is considered to find the
exact solutions. The charges play the role of the additional matter to the
static wormhole which is already constructed by the exotic matter. The
stability conditions for the wormhole with scalar field and electric charge are
found from the positiveness and flareness for the wormhole shape function.Comment: 9 pages, Revtex, no figures, to appear in Phys. Rev. D(2001
Heart failure–induced activation of phospholipase iPLA2γ generates hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids opening the mitochondrial permeability transition pore
The phospholipase iPLA2γ is a major mediator releasing oxidized aliphatic chains from cardiolipin, integrating mitochondrial bioenergetics and signaling
Economic cost of tobacco use in India, 2004
ObjectiveTo estimate the tobacco-attributable costs of diseases separately for smoked and smokeless tobacco use in India.MethodsThe prevalence-based attributable-risk approach was used to estimate the economic cost of tobacco using healthcare expenditure data from the National Sample Survey, a nationally representative household sample survey conducted in India in 2004. Four major categories of tobacco-related disease-tuberculosis, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms-were considered.ResultsDirect medical costs of treating tobacco related diseases in India amounted to 285 million for smokeless tobacco. The indirect morbidity costs of tobacco use, which includes the cost of caregivers and value of work loss due to illness, amounted to 104 million for smokeless tobacco. The total economic cost of tobacco use amounted to 311 million) in India. Of the total cost of tobacco, 88% was attributed to men.ConclusionsThe cost of tobacco use was many times more than the expenditures on tobacco control by the government of India and about 16% more than the total tax revenue from tobacco. The tobacco-attributable cost of tuberculosis was three times higher than the expenditure on tuberculosis control in India. The economic costs estimated here do not include the costs of premature mortality from tobacco use, which is known to comprise roughly 50% to 80% of the total economic cost of tobacco in many countries
Effect of magnetic order on the superfluid response of single-crystal ErNiBC: A penetration depth study
We report measurements of the in-plane magnetic penetration depth (T) in single crystals of ErNiBC down to 0.1 K using
a tunnel-diode based, self-inductive technique at 21 MHz. We observe four
features: (1) a slight dip in (T) at the Nel
temperature = 6.0 K, (2) a peak at = 2.3 K, where a weak
ferromagnetic component sets in, (3) another maximum at 0.45 K, and (4) a final
broad drop down to 0.1 K. Converting to superfluid density , we see
that the antiferromagnetic order at 6 K only slightly depresses
superconductivity. We seek to explain some of the above features in the context
of antiferromagnetic superconductors, where competition between the
antiferromagnetic molecular field and spin fluctuation scattering determines
increased or decreased pairbreaking. Superfluid density data show only a slight
decrease in pair density in the vicinity of the 2.3 K feature, thus supporting
other evidences against bulk ferromagnetism in this temperature range.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figure
Analysis of Oil Production Behavior for the Fractured Basement Reservoir Using Hybrid Discrete Fractured Network Approach
Unlike naturally fractured reservoir, fractured basement reservoir (FBR) has almost non-permeable matrix and flow is strongly dependent upon fracture network. This might cause the rapid changing behavior on oil production whether fracture near wellbore is saturated with either oil or water. In this aspect, realistic representation of fracture network is essential in FBR. Therefore the simulation of FBR is generally applied by dual-porosity (DP) continuum approach because discrete fractured network (DFN) simulator with multiphase flow is not commercially available except in-house model. In this paper, hybrid DFN approach is applied, which is continuum model coupled with local grid refinement (LGR). LGR is adapted at the cells which are passing through fractures, in order to represent fracture width less than 0.1 ft. Up to now, LGR is mostly used for well block rather than the fracture. In this approach, well control volume can not be described by LGR cell, thus, four-leg horizontal well concept substitutes the vertical well with the use of equivalent wellbore radius for overcoming the numerical convergence problem. The application of hybrid DFN approach for FBR is discussed about investigation of the possibility for drastic change on oil production. Based on the results, in fractured reservoir using hybrid DFN approach, oil production is not found to be proportional to the magnitude of matrix permeability, not as in porous system with dual-porosity approach. Also, we realized that oil production is once dropped it can not be recovered back to previous level in FBR. This is because oil-saturated fracture near well is once changed to water-saturated, then, there was not anymore changes occurred within the same fracture.Key words: Dual-porosity; Hybrid DFN; Fractured basement reservoir; Local grid refinemen
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