Reproducibility and relative validity of dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load assessed by the food-frequency questionnaire used in the Dutch cohorts of the European prospective investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

Limited information is available on the reproducibility and validity of dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) estimated by habitual diet assessment methods such as FFQ, including the FFQ used in the Dutch cohorts of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. To examine the reproducibility and relative validity of GI and GL, we used data from 121 Dutch men and women aged 23–72 years. They completed the FFQ three times at intervals of 6 months and twelve 24-h dietary recalls (24HDR) monthly during 1991–2. GI and GL were calculated using published values. Intra-class correlation coefficients of the three repeated FFQ were 0·78 for GI and 0·74 for GL. Pearson correlation coefficients between the first FFQ and the weighted average of the 24HDR were 0·63 for both GI and GL. Weighted ¿ values between the first FFQ and the average of the 24HDR (in quintiles) were 0·40 for GI and 0·41 for GL. Bland–Altman plots showed a proportional bias in GI (ß = 0·46), but not in GL (ß = 0·06). In conclusion, this FFQ can be used in epidemiological studies to investigate the relationship of GI and GL with disease risks, but the proportional bias should be taken into account when using this FFQ to assess the absolute GI values

Polymorphic intersection type assignment for rewrite systems with abstraction and -rul

We define two type assignment systems for first-order rewriting extended with application, -abstraction, and -reduction, using a combination of intersection types and second-order polymorphic types. The first system is the general one, for which we prove subject reduction, and strong normalisation of typeable terms. The second is a decidable subsystem of the first, by restricting to rank 2 (intersection and quantified) types. For this system we define, using an extended notion of unification, a notion of principal typing which is more general than ML’s principal type property, since also the types for the free variables of terms are inferre

Sound and Complete Typing for lambda-mu

In this paper we define intersection and union type assignment for Parigot's calculus lambda-mu. We show that this notion is complete (i.e. closed under subject-expansion), and show also that it is sound (i.e. closed under subject-reduction). This implies that this notion of intersection-union type assignment is suitable to define a semantics.Comment: In Proceedings ITRS 2010, arXiv:1101.410

Cuchiadromites jadeae, a new genus and species of primitive crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Podotremata) from the Aptian of Cantabria (Spain), with comments on its peculiar surface ornament

A new genus and new species of decapod brachyuran, Cuchiadromites jadeae, is recorded and described herein from the Lower Aptian (Early Cretaceous) Patrocinio Formation (Deshayesites forbesi Ammonite Zone) of the coastal cliffs near Cuchía (Cantabria, Spain). Cuchiadromites jadeae gen. et sp. nov., is the fourth species of brachyuran recovered in this locality. The dorsal carapace of the sole specimen preserves sufficient diagnostic characters that allow placement in the family Longodromitidae. The present species exhibits a profuse dorsal ornamentation of fungiform granules that form cauliflower-shaped clusters reminiscent of the ornamentation seen in fossil and extant species of different eubrachyuran families, for instance Parthenopidae or Dairidae, and also in the anomuran families Paguridae or Xylopaguridae, but not described before in podotreme taxa. This could be due to convergence in groups far distant in geological time and systematic placement

Approximation Semantics and Expressive Predicate Assignment for Object-Oriented Programming

We consider a semantics for a class-based object-oriented calculus based upon approximation; since in the context of LC such a semantics enjoys a strong correspondence with intersection type assignment systems, we also define such a system for our calculus and show that it is sound and complete. We establish the link with between type (we use the terminology predicate here) assignment and the approximation semantics by showing an approximation result, which leads to a sufficient condition for head-normalisation and termination. We show the expressivity of our predicate system by defining an encoding of Combinatory Logic (and so also LC) into our calculus. We show that this encoding preserves predicate-ability and also that our system characterises the normalising and strongly normalising terms for this encoding, demonstrating that the great analytic capabilities of these predicates can be applied to OO

Gender differences in the mitigating effect of co-parenting on parental burnout:The gender dimension applied to COVID-19 restrictions and parental burnout levels

Parenting is recognized as a complex and stressful activity, which in recent years has been linked to the potential development of parental burnout among mothers and fathers. With the spread of COVID-19 around the globe, not only have situations of health emergency and economic difficulty emerged, but also tremendous impacts on individual lives and family role divisions, which continue to be experienced today. As lockdown measures have affected unemployment rates, financial insecurity levels, social support, amount of leisure time, and the number of caring responsibilities, parents are expected to be at higher risk for developing parental burnout. Co-parenting is presented as a factor which can mitigate the effect between COVID-19 lockdown measures and the levels of experienced parental burnout. Nevertheless, we argue that the role of co-parenting in association with the implications of COVID-19 on parental stress differs between men and women. As parenthood remains an activity that is largely gender-based, co-parenting is hypothesized to be of more crucial importance in attenuating the effect between COVID-19 lockdown measures and parental burnout for fathers in comparison to mothers. Our results confirm previous findings that COVID-19 has increased levels of parental burnout. The relationship between state-imposed COVID-19 lockdown measures and levels of parental burnout was not found to be significantly affected by co-parenting. However, when assessing this two-way interaction separately for men and women, we saw that this mitigating effect was significant for fathers and non-significant for mothers