Fairtrade Coffee A study to assess the impact of Fairtrade for coffee smallholders and producer organisations in Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, and Tanzania

This report presents the findings of a major evaluation commissioned by Fairtrade International. This evaluation aims to assess the impact of Fairtrade for coffee smallholders and their organisations to contribute to the evidence base on Fairtrade’s impact to date and to inform Fairtrade on the potential to improve its impact in the future. Millions of smallholder farmer households around the world rely upon coffee for their livelihoods, and the challenges they face are numerous and growing. Fairtrade supports around 812,500 coffee-producing smallholder farmers in 445 producer organisations in 30 countries. In 2013-14 Fairtrade coffee producers reported selling 150,800 MT of coffee on Fairtrade terms. Producer organisations (POs) in four countries, Peru, Mexico, Tanzania, and Indonesia, were selected as cases by the research team to capture the range and depth of the Fairtrade experience. The evaluation covered two Fairtrade producer organisations in each country. Counterfactual comparisons are included in each case – either with a comparison producer organisation or with individual independent farmers cultivating coffee in the same area, but who are not part of Fairtrade certification. The evaluation used the recently developed and published ‘Fairtrade International Theory of Change’ to examine Fairtrade impact. Data was collected along the impact chain to understand how far Fairtrade’s interventions have led to intended outputs and impacts, and to identify other influencing factors. The team developed a research protocol to support comparisons between countries, and used mixed methods to carry out the research

Residuos Orgánicos e Inorgánicos en la Colonia Estrella de Oro Zacatecas, ZAC y en la UAZ

Hasta hace sólo 30 años la producción de desechos sólidos por habitante en América Latinaera de 200 gramos diarios por habitante, hoy se calcula que cada personaproduce una media de 1 kg. de basura al día. La mayoría de los residuos sólidos urbanos que producimos está constituida por materiales que pueden ser clasificados con facilidad como: papel, cartón, vidrio, plásticos, telas, aluminio, materia orgánica, etc. Clasificación de los residuos: Basura orgánica. Es todo desecho de origen biológico, alguna vez estuvo vivo o fue parte de un ser vivo. Basura inorgánica. Es todo desecho de origen no biológico, es decir, de origen industrial o algún otro proceso no natural. Desechos peligrosos. Es todo desecho, ya sea de origen biológico o no, que constituye un peligro potencial y por lo cual debe ser tratado como tal.Universidad Nacional de La Plat

Residuos Orgánicos e Inorgánicos en la Colonia Estrella de Oro Zacatecas, ZAC y en la UAZ

Hasta hace sólo 30 años la producción de desechos sólidos por habitante en América Latinaera de 200 gramos diarios por habitante, hoy se calcula que cada personaproduce una media de 1 kg. de basura al día. La mayoría de los residuos sólidos urbanos que producimos está constituida por materiales que pueden ser clasificados con facilidad como: papel, cartón, vidrio, plásticos, telas, aluminio, materia orgánica, etc. Clasificación de los residuos: Basura orgánica. Es todo desecho de origen biológico, alguna vez estuvo vivo o fue parte de un ser vivo. Basura inorgánica. Es todo desecho de origen no biológico, es decir, de origen industrial o algún otro proceso no natural. Desechos peligrosos. Es todo desecho, ya sea de origen biológico o no, que constituye un peligro potencial y por lo cual debe ser tratado como tal.Universidad Nacional de La Plat

Residuos Orgánicos e Inorgánicos en la Colonia Estrella de Oro Zacatecas, ZAC y en la UAZ

Hasta hace sólo 30 años la producción de desechos sólidos por habitante en América Latinaera de 200 gramos diarios por habitante, hoy se calcula que cada personaproduce una media de 1 kg. de basura al día. La mayoría de los residuos sólidos urbanos que producimos está constituida por materiales que pueden ser clasificados con facilidad como: papel, cartón, vidrio, plásticos, telas, aluminio, materia orgánica, etc. Clasificación de los residuos: Basura orgánica. Es todo desecho de origen biológico, alguna vez estuvo vivo o fue parte de un ser vivo. Basura inorgánica. Es todo desecho de origen no biológico, es decir, de origen industrial o algún otro proceso no natural. Desechos peligrosos. Es todo desecho, ya sea de origen biológico o no, que constituye un peligro potencial y por lo cual debe ser tratado como tal.Universidad Nacional de La Plat

PARASITOSIS INTESTINALES EN ESCOLARES URBANOS, SUBURBANOS Y RURALES DEL NOROESTE DE MÉXICO

Las parasitosis intestinales son un problema de salud pública que se asocia también a la carencia de infraestructura en una comunidad. América Latina ha experimentado una migración humana acelerada del área rural a la urbana sin que ello signifi que una vida mejor, porque la infraestructura urbana no responde a las demandas de ese aumento poblacional. Esto puede infl uir en la prevalencias de parasitosis intestinal entre población rural y urbana. Este estudio comparó las prevalencias de parasitosis intestinales entre escolares rurales, suburbanos y urbanos del municipio de Hermosillo Sonora, noroeste de México. La técnica de Faust se usó para identifi car parásitos intestinales. Setecientos veintiocho escolares (54%) (6-14 años) participaron voluntariamente durante septiembre de 2010. Doscientos cincuenta y cuatro, 145 y 329 eran escolares urbanos, suburbanos y rurales respectivamente. De los 728 participantes 29% (n=211) tenían parasitosis intestinales mientras que 71% (n= 517) no mostraron tales infecciones. Se estimó una prevalencia de 28% de infecciones intestinales por protozoarios, particularmente de 18% por Giardia duodenalis, y muy baja de helmintos intestinales (2%). Los escolares suburbanos presentaron prevalencias signifi cativamente más altas de parasitosis intestinales (44,9%), protozoosis (41,4%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii (6.9%), Giardia duodenalis (39,3%), Endolimax nana (27,6%) y Entamoeba coli (17%) que los urbanos y rurales (

Addressing the high cervical cancer rates along the Texas-Mexico border through community outreach, patient navigation, and provider training/telementoring

Objective: Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates are 68% and 57% higher, respectively, along the Texas-Mexico border compared with the rest of the United States. This is likely due to a combination of low health literacy, limited access to affordable screening, and a lack of trained personnel to perform colposcopy, loop electrosurgical excision procedures (LEEP), and appropriate management of women with pre-invasive disease. The objective of our study was to increase cervical cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment rates in the Rio Grande Valley (RGV). Method: We initiated a comprehensive program at two health centers and one mobile clinic in the RGV consisting of (1) a public education program designed for community health workers to teach women about cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination coupled with patient navigation to participating clinics; (2) colposcopy and LEEP training for physicians and advanced-practice providers through locally held hands-on courses and mentoring program; and (3) implementation of Project ECHO (Extension for Community Health Outcomes), a well-established telementoring program using video conferencing to connect academic specialists with community providers for case-based learning. We compared screening, diagnosis, and treatment rates pre- and post-program implementation. Results: From November 2014 to June 2018, local providers screened 19,028 women with Pap ± HPV testing (baseline 12,460, 53% increase); performed colposcopy on 2,644 women with abnormal screening results (baseline 945, 180% increase); and performed 483 LEEP procedures for treatment of cervical dysplasia (baseline 0). Ten women were diagnosed with invasive cancer and navigated to one of the participating gynecologic oncologists for treatment (baseline N/A). Five additional providers in the RGV completed the mentoring program to be certified to perform colposcopy (100% increase from baseline of 5) and two additional providers to perform LEEP (baseline 0). ECHO telementoring video conferences have been held every two weeks for a total 94 sessions (average of 22 participants/session) with 182 patient cases presented and discussed. Conclusion: Our comprehensive approach has led to an increase in the number of women undergoing cervical cancer screening and diagnosis/treatment of dysplasia. If sustained, we anticipate these efforts will decrease cervical cancer rates in the RGV. The program is currently being expanded to additional medically underserved regions of Texas

Vanadium Inhalation in a Mouse Model for the Understanding of Air-Suspended Particle Systemic Repercussion

There is an increased concern about the health effects that air-suspended particles have on human health which have been dissected in animal models. Using CD-1 mouse, we explore the effects that vanadium inhalation produce in different tissues and organs. Our findings support the systemic effects of air pollution. In this paper, we describe our findings in different organs in our conditions and contrast our results with the literature

Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Health system planning requires careful assessment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) epidemiology, but data for morbidity and mortality of this disease are scarce or non-existent in many countries. We estimated the global, regional, and national burden of CKD, as well as the burden of cardiovascular disease and gout attributable to impaired kidney function, for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. We use the term CKD to refer to the morbidity and mortality that can be directly attributed to all stages of CKD, and we use the term impaired kidney function to refer to the additional risk of CKD from cardiovascular disease and gout. Methods The main data sources we used were published literature, vital registration systems, end-stage kidney disease registries, and household surveys. Estimates of CKD burden were produced using a Cause of Death Ensemble model and a Bayesian meta-regression analytical tool, and included incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, mortality, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). A comparative risk assessment approach was used to estimate the proportion of cardiovascular diseases and gout burden attributable to impaired kidney function. Findings Globally, in 2017, 1·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·2 to 1·3) people died from CKD. The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41·5% (95% UI 35·2 to 46·5) between 1990 and 2017, although there was no significant change in the age-standardised mortality rate (2·8%, −1·5 to 6·3). In 2017, 697·5 million (95% UI 649·2 to 752·0) cases of all-stage CKD were recorded, for a global prevalence of 9·1% (8·5 to 9·8). The global all-age prevalence of CKD increased 29·3% (95% UI 26·4 to 32·6) since 1990, whereas the age-standardised prevalence remained stable (1·2%, −1·1 to 3·5). CKD resulted in 35·8 million (95% UI 33·7 to 38·0) DALYs in 2017, with diabetic nephropathy accounting for almost a third of DALYs. Most of the burden of CKD was concentrated in the three lowest quintiles of Socio-demographic Index (SDI). In several regions, particularly Oceania, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America, the burden of CKD was much higher than expected for the level of development, whereas the disease burden in western, eastern, and central sub-Saharan Africa, east Asia, south Asia, central and eastern Europe, Australasia, and western Europe was lower than expected. 1·4 million (95% UI 1·2 to 1·6) cardiovascular disease-related deaths and 25·3 million (22·2 to 28·9) cardiovascular disease DALYs were attributable to impaired kidney function. Interpretation Kidney disease has a major effect on global health, both as a direct cause of global morbidity and mortality and as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. CKD is largely preventable and treatable and deserves greater attention in global health policy decision making, particularly in locations with low and middle SDI

Petrophysical, Geochemical, and Hydrological Evidence for Extensive Fracture-Mediated Fluid and Heat Transport in the Alpine Fault's Hanging-Wall Damage Zone

Fault rock assemblages reflect interaction between deformation, stress, temperature, fluid, and chemical regimes on distinct spatial and temporal scales at various positions in the crust. Here we interpret measurements made in the hanging-wall of the Alpine Fault during the second stage of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP-2). We present observational evidence for extensive fracturing and high hanging-wall hydraulic conductivity (∼10−9 to 10−7 m/s, corresponding to permeability of ∼10−16 to 10−14 m2) extending several hundred meters from the fault's principal slip zone. Mud losses, gas chemistry anomalies, and petrophysical data indicate that a subset of fractures intersected by the borehole are capable of transmitting fluid volumes of several cubic meters on time scales of hours. DFDP-2 observations and other data suggest that this hydrogeologically active portion of the fault zone in the hanging-wall is several kilometers wide in the uppermost crust. This finding is consistent with numerical models of earthquake rupture and off-fault damage. We conclude that the mechanically and hydrogeologically active part of the Alpine Fault is a more dynamic and extensive feature than commonly described in models based on exhumed faults. We propose that the hydrogeologically active damage zone of the Alpine Fault and other large active faults in areas of high topographic relief can be subdivided into an inner zone in which damage is controlled principally by earthquake rupture processes and an outer zone in which damage reflects coseismic shaking, strain accumulation and release on interseismic timescales, and inherited fracturing related to exhumation