Inheritance of body size and ultrasound carcass traits in yearling Anatolian buffalo calves

The body size and ultrasound carcass traits are related to the growth and muscling of animals. These characters promise future improvement through genetic selection in animal breeding. In breeding programs, knowing the (co)variance components serves to reveal the performance differences among animals and detection of suitable traits for selection. The research was carried out with 313 Anatolian buffalo calves born in 2019 at 36 farm operations. The least-square means for body weight (BW), wither height (WH), rump height (RH), body length (BL), chest width (CW), hip width (HW), chest circumference (CC), cannon-bone circumference (CBC), longissimus muscle area (LMA), longissimus muscle depth (LMD), and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) in yearling calves were 175.41 ± 2.06 kg, 108.35 ± 0.34, 111.85 ± 0.37, 103.74 ± 0.41, 33.93 ± 0.23, 30.56 ±  0.23, 135.18 ± 0.60, 15.69 ± 0.08 cm, 19.36 ± 0.45 cm2, 3.086 ± 0.028, and 0.655 ± 0.006 cm, respectively. The direct heritabilities for BW, WH, RH, BL, CW, HW, CC, CBC, LMA, LMD, and SFT were 0.334 ± 0.032, 0.483 ± 0.044, 0.473 ± 0.043, 0.441 ± 0.041, 0.364 ± 0.034, 0.432 ± 0.040, 0.435 ± 0.040, 0.226 ± 0.021, 0.0001 ± 0.000, 0.300 ± 0.026, and 0.539 ± 0.046, respectively. The genetic and phenotypic correlations predicted in this study ranged from 0.02 to 0.90. All the genetic and phenotypic correlations among body size and ultrasound carcass traits were significant (P&lt;0.01), except for the genetic correlation between CW and HW. Some polymorphisms in PLAG1, NCAPG, LCORL, and HMGA2 genes were analyzed. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for PLAG1 and NCAPG genes were found to be monomorphic in this buffalo population. Meanwhile, the effects of two SNPs in the LCORL and HMGA2 genes were not significant but showed some tendencies in the aspects of least-square means. The results of the study indicated that the Anatolian buffaloes have the potential to improve in growth and muscling characteristics.</p

Associations between the time of conception and the shape of the lactation curve in early lactation in Norwegian dairy cattle

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>This study was carried out to determine if an association exists between the shape of the lactation curve before it is influenced by the event of conception and the time from calving to conception in Norwegian dairy cattle. Lactation curves of Norwegian Red cows during 5 to 42 days in milk (DIM) were compared between cows conceiving between 43 and 93 DIM and cows conceiving after 93 DIM.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Data from 23,049 cows, represented by one lactation each, with 219,538 monthly test days were extracted from the Norwegian Dairy Herd Recording System, which represents 97% of all Norwegian dairy cows. Besides veterinary treatments, these records also included information on daily milk yield at monthly test days. The data were stratified by parity groups (1, 2, and 3 and higher) and time to conception periods (43-93 DIM and >93 DIM). The sample was selected using the following selection criteria: conception later than 42 DIM, calving season July to September, no records of veterinary treatment and the level of energy fed as concentrates between 8.69 and 12.83 MJ. The shape of the lactation curves were parameterized using a modified Wilmink-model in a mixed model analysis. Differences in the parameters of the lactation curves with different conception times were evaluated using confidence intervals.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Lactation curves characterized by a low intercept and a steep ascending slope and a steep descending slope were associated with early conception across all parities. The peak milk yield was not associated with time of conception.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A practical application of the study results is the use of the shape of the lactation curve in future herd management. Groups of cows with impaired reproductive performance may be identified due to an unfavorable shape of the lactation curve. Monitoring lactation curves and adjusting the feeding strategy to adjust yield therefore may be useful for the improvement of reproductive performance at herd level.</p

Utilização dos polinômios de Legendre e da função de Wilmink em avaliações genéticas para persistência na lactação de animais da raça Holandesa Use of Legendre polynomials and Wilmink function in genetic evaluations for persistency of lactation in Holstein cows

Os registros de produção de leite de 11.023 primeiras lactações de vacas da raça Holandesa pertencentes a 251 rebanhos distribuídos no estado de Minas Gerais foram usados para comparar os polinômios de Legendre e a função Wilmink em modelos de regressão aleatória (MRA) quanto aos seus efeitos na estimação de parâmetros genéticos e predição de valores genéticos para nove medidas de persistência na lactação e produção de leite até 305 dias. Os modelos de regressão aleatória ajustados aos controles leiteiros entre o sexto e o 305(0) dia de lactação incluíram o efeito de rebanho-ano-mês do controle, os parâmetros dos polinômios de Legendre de ordens 3 a 5 ou da função de Wilmink, para modelar as curvas fixas da regressão dentro das subclasses de idade-estação de parto da vaca e os parâmetros dos polinômios de Legendre de ordens 3 a 5, para modelar os efeitos aleatórios genético-aditivo e permanente de ambiente. Os testes do critério de informação de Akaike e Bayesiano indicaram o modelo com maior número de parâmetros como o que melhor se ajustou aos dados de produção de leite. Observaram-se grandes variações nas estimativas de herdabilidade para a maioria das medidas de persistência na lactação, com uso dos modelos que envolveram ajustes dos polinômios de Legendre. As estimativas de herdabilidade variaram de 0,11 a 0,33 para produção de leite ao longo da lactação, de 0,33 a 0,36 para a produção de leite até 305 dias e de 0,00 a 0,32 para persistência na lactação. As correlações genéticas entre persistência e produção de leite até 305 dias diferiram com o modelo e a medida de persistência. A utilização da função de Wilmink, comparada aos polinômios de Legendre, proporcionou mudanças expressivas na ordem dos animais quando classificados para persistência na lactação.<br>Records of 11,023 first-parity Holstein cows belonging to 251 herds in the State of Minas Gerais were used to compare the Legendre polynomials and Wilmink function in random regression models (RRM) as for their effects in the estimate of genetic parameters and prediction of breeding values for nine types of persistency measurements and 305-day milk yield. The random regression test day models included the effect of herd-year-month test day, parameters of the function of Wilmink or 3th to 5th order Legendre polynomials to model fixed curves of the subclasses and 3th to 5th order Legendre polynomials to model genetic and permanent environmental effects. The Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) indicated the model with larger number of parameters as the one that best fitted the data of milk yield. Using the Legrendre polynomial model large variation was observed in the estimates heritabilities for most of the persistency measures. The estimates herdabilities varied from 0.11 to 0.33 to milk yield throughout the lactation, from 0.33 to 0.36 for the 305-day milk yield and, from 0.00 to 0.32 for persistency. Genetic correlations between persistency and 305-day milk yield differed according to the model and persistency measure. Compared the Legendre polynomials to the Wilmink function provided expressive changes in rank of animals for persistency of lactation

Análises da persistência na lactação de vacas da raça Holandesa, usando produção no dia do controle e modelo de regressão aleatória Analysis of persistency in the lactation of Holstein cows using test-day yield and random regression model

Foram utilizados 87.045 registros de produção de leite, na primeira lactação, de 11.023 vacas da raça Holandesa, obtidos nos anos de 1997 a 2001, em diferentes rebanhos distribuídos em dez núcleos do Estado de Minas Gerais. Foram avaliados seis tipos de mensuração da persistência na lactação utilizando-se os valores genéticos da produção de leite, obtidos por meio do modelo de regressão aleatória - MRA. Utilizou-se a função de Wilmink na descrição dos efeitos aleatórios e fixos, pelo MRA. As estimativas de herdabilidade e de correlação genética, para as várias mensurações da persistência na lactação, variaram em decorrência da definição da persistência. As estimativas de herdabilidade para persistência na lactação variaram de 0,11 a 0,27 e as estimativas de correlação genética entre as mensurações da persistência na lactação e produção de leite até 305 dias, de -0,31 a 0,55, indicando que a persistência na lactação é uma característica de moderada herdabilidade e pouco correlacionada com a produção de leite até 305 dias. A seleção de animais para persistência na lactação, com o objetivo de alterar a forma da curva de lactação, pode ser eficiente.<br>A total of 87,045 milk yield records of 11,023 first-parity Holstein cows was utilized, obtained from 1997 to 2001 from different herds of 10 Minas Gerais locations. Six types of persistency measures in lactation were evaluated using milk yield breeding values, obtained by means of Random Regression Model - RRM. The Wilmink function was used to describe the random and fixed effects by RRM. Heritability estimates and genetic correlations for various persistency measures in lactation were dependent on the definition of persistency. The heritability estimates for persistency in lactation ranged from 0.11 to 0.27 and the genetic variations among persistency measures in lactation and milk yield up to d 305 ranged from -0.31 to 0.55, showing that persistency in lactation is a trait of moderate heritability showing little correlation with milk yield up to d 305. The selection of animals for persistency in lactation aiming to alter the lactation curve may be effective