The 2022 report of the MJA-Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: Australia unprepared and paying the price

The MJA-Lancet Countdown on health and climate change in Australia was established in 2017 and produced its first national assessment in 2018 and annual updates in 2019, 2020 and 2021. It examines five broad domains: climate change impacts, exposures and vulnerability; adaptation, planning and resilience for health; mitigation actions and health co-benefits; economics and finance; and public and political engagement. In this, the fifth year of the MJA-Lancet Countdown, we track progress on an extensive suite of indicators across these five domains, accessing and presenting the latest data and further refining and developing our analyses. Within just two years, Australia has experienced two unprecedented national catastrophes - the 2019-2020 summer heatwaves and bushfires and the 2021-2022 torrential rains and flooding. Such events are costing lives and displacing tens of thousands of people. Further, our analysis shows that there are clear signs that Australia's health emergency management capacity substantially decreased in 2021. We find some signs of progress with respect to health and climate change. The states continue to lead the way in health and climate change adaptation planning, with the Victorian plan being published in early 2022. At the national level, we note progress in health and climate change research funding by the National Health and Medical Research Council. We now also see an acceleration in the uptake of electric vehicles and continued uptake of and employment in renewable energy. However, we also find Australia's transition to renewables and zero carbon remains unacceptably slow, and the Australian Government's continuing failure to produce a national climate change and health adaptation plan places the health and lives of Australians at unnecessary risk today, which does not bode well for the future.Paul J Beggs, Ying Zhang, Alice McGushin, Stefan Trueck, Martina K Linnenluecke, Hilary Bambrick, Anthony G Capon, Sotiris Vardoulakis, Donna Green, Arunima Malik, Ollie Jay, Maddie Heenan, Ivan C Hanigan, Sharon Friel, Mark Stevenson, Fay H Johnston, Celia McMichael, Fiona Charlson, Alistair J Woodward, Marina B Romanell

Plasma cell antibody repertoire analysis following administration of meningococcal polysaccharide and protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines: evidence of distinct patterns of B cell activation

Vaccines against N.meningitidis have been developed from the plain capsular polysaccharide, (T-independent antigen), and by covalently linking the polysaccharide to a protein carrier to from a polysaccharide-protein conjugate (T-dependent antigen). To investigate differences in the immune response to these two vaccine types, plasma cells were isolated 7 days following administration of meningococcal serogroup ACWY polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines. Additionally, naïve, marginal zone, IgM memory and IgG memory B cell subsets were isolated at baseline. Next-generation sequencing was used to obtain B cell receptor sequence data from all populations