Shariah Screening Methodologies: SAC-SC Vs DJIM Comparative Study and Impact Assessment on Their Performance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare between two screening methodologies in terms of applied methods and the impact assessment. Other than this the paper measures the performance of screened stocks in terms of risk & return and compare it to the conventional onesDesign/methodology/approach – The methods used are a combination of archival and bibliographic research based on some previously published articles. Also the papers use secondary data from published reports.Findings – The paper identifies the impact assessment of the screening methodologies and how investors will not sacrifice part of their returns in order to achieve their moral and ethical values.Originality/value – Many studies compared the two screening indices in term of methodologies; however this paper investigates and uses a quantitative analysis on the impact and performance of the screening methodologies. Furthermore it compares the stages of screening between Shariah Advisory Council of Securities commission (SAC-SC) and Dow Jones Islamic Market Index (DJIM)Keywords – screening, methodologies, impact assessmentPaper type – comparative case stud

Indoor environment propagation review

A survey of indoor propagation characteristics is presented, including different models for path loss, shadowing and fast fading mechanisms, different channel parameters including signal strength, power delay, coherence bandwidth, Doppler spread and angle of arrival. The concepts of MIMO channels are also covered. The study also explores many types of deterministic channel modelling, such as Finite Difference Time Domain, Finite Integration Method, Ray tracing and the Dominant path model. Electromagnetic properties of building materials, including frequency dependence, are also investigated and several models for propagation through buildings are reviewed

Attitude and Altitude Control of Trirotor UAV by Using Adaptive Hybrid Controller

The paper presents an adaptive hybrid scheme which is based on fuzzy regulation, pole-placement, and tracking (RST) control algorithm for controlling the attitude and altitude of trirotor UAV. The dynamic and kinematic model of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is unstable and nonlinear in nature with 6 degrees of freedom (DOF); that is why the stabilization of aerial vehicle is a difficult task. To stabilize the nonlinear behavior of our UAV, an adaptive hybrid controller algorithm is used, in which RST controller tuning is performed by adaptive gains of fuzzy logic controller. Simulated results show that fuzzy based RST controller gives better robustness as compared to the classical RST controller

Chapter 5 Mineral carbonation

In this chapter, accelerated carbonation technology (ACT) is discussed. Both direct and indirect carbonation processes used in the ACT are highlighted, emphasizing using the alkaline solid waste materials as the feedstock for the carbonation. The principles of accelerated carbonation reaction in view of process chemistry, ion equilibrium in solution, carbonate precipitation, formation of solid carbonates, calcite crystal growth, the thermodynamic stability of formed products, and modeling of reaction kinetics are discussed.rnFactors that affect the carbonation efficiency such as surface activation, flue gas characteristics, nature of the carbonation reactor, the reacting media, and the product themselves are discussed. The following carbonated products are identified and discussed: (a) carbonates-based minerals (soda ash, calcium carbonates, bicarbonate, magnesium carbonates, iron carbonates, etc.); (b) hydroxides-based chemicals, such as calcium and sodium hydroxides; (c) minerals such as hydro-magnesite, calcite, halite, and dolomite that can be used as cementitious materials for cement-based concrete materials; (d) other minerals such as nesquehonite, lansfordite, dypingite and artinite that can be used as aggregates and cementitious materials; (e) chloride-based chemicals, such as HCl, NaOCl, or chlorine-based polymers, such as PVC; and (f) hydrogen.rnThe possible utilization of the carbonated products, such as lower- and higher-end calcium carbonate products, mono-dispersed nanoparticles, silica, and the whole carbonated solid alkaline waste materials, are discussed. Finally, life cycle assessments of several alkaline solid wastes, including ultra-fine (UF) slag, fly-ash (FA) slag, and blended hydraulic slag cement (BHC), in an autoclave reactor are discussed

Chapter 1 Emerging carbon-based waste management sustainable practices

This chapter discusses the emerging approaches for industrial waste management concerning carbon utilization to produce valuable products for use in public civil works. In doing so, we discuss various waste management concepts, such as zero waste, design for the environment, sustainable materials management, cradle-to-cradle, circular economy, and end-of-waste, to eliminate waste disposal in landfills, via designing new products that are durable as well as sustainable. Relevant waste management and new product regulations and issues that hinder the advance of a circular economy are discussed. In addition, for the use of carbon capture various aspects and issues related to the end-of-waste criteria are discussed related to storage and utilization products, which use waste materials that are classified as wastes. Finally, the Chapter ends with three (3) case studies to demonstrate the development of the end-of-waste criteria for (1) reprocessed aggregates from the building and construction industry; (2) slags from the iron and steel industry, and ashes from the coal-burning industry; and (3) carbon capture, storage and utilization products derived from CO2 mineral carbonation

Chapter 9 Carbonation of steel slag

In this chapter, we discussed the sources and chemical and mineralogical characteristics of a variety of steel and iron slags, such as basic oxygen furnace (BOF), electric-arc furnace (EAF), ladle furnace (LF), blast furnace slag (BFS), and argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) slag. Also, we discussed the current utilization of steel and iron slags in civil engineering applications, such as cement production, concrete aggregate, asphalt aggregate, road bases, and subbases, and soil stabilization, as well as other miscellaneous applications, such as steelmaking, fertilizer production, linings for waterways, daily landfill covers, railroad ballast, and waste management. Problems associated with such utilization were highlighted and discussed and mitigation measures were provided. Slag pretreatment such as hydration was discussed with emphasis on the newly formed products that might hinder the hydration process. Also, mitigation methods were highlighted. Carbonation methods, such as gas-solid versus gas-aqueous media solid, direct (or single-step) versus indirect (or multi-step), additive-enhanced or without chemical additives, and combination of the above processes, were discussed with specific case studies from the literature. For direct carbonation, we discussed a variety of carbonation methods such as (a) fluidized bed reactor; (b) high gravity rotating packed bed; (c) ultrasound; (d) spouted bed reactor; and (e) static packed bed with two moisture conditions (i) thin-film carbonation; and (ii) slurry carbonation. For indirect carbonation, a rotating packed bed, as an example, was used. For both direct and indirect carbonation, we discussed the effect of various controlling parameters on carbon uptake, such as gas pressure, temperature, concentration, flow rate, solid product layer characteristics, mass transfer coefficients, activation energy, the ratio of mineral-to-gas, ratio of available reacting species (Ca/Mg; Ca/Si, etc.), the concentration of reacting species, solution pH, solid-to-liquid ratio, humidity, nature of the bed reactor (static, rotating, fluidized, etc.), and reacting bed boundary conditions (open vs. closed). It was challenging to compare carbonation methods because they were done with different slags and operating conditions. However, dynamic systems such as fluidized bed, rotating bed, and ultrasonic would result in more carbon uptake than static bed due to their abilities to create an excellent hydrodynamic design within the vessel, increase the mass transfer rate, increase attrition rate, enhance the breaking up of the aggregated particles, continual detachment of the product layer and exposure of the unreacted core to further chemical reactions with carbonic species

Chapter 14 Carbonation of cement kiln dust

The sources and characteristics of various types of ash and waste produced in the cement industry, such as CKD, cement bypass dust, ordinary Portland cement, and recycled concrete aggregate, are discussed. Current CKD utilization in civil works, geotechnical applications, roads and pavement structures, treatment of hazardous wastes, waste containment barriers, permeable reactive barriers for groundwater remediation, and wastewater neutralization are discussed. Also, the potential use of CKD for carbon sequestration is evaluated. Hydration of CKD and the newly formed hydrated products, such as hydrated lime [C–H], calcium silicate hydrates [C3S2H3], calcium aluminate hydrates [C3AH6], calcium aluminate trisulfate hydrate [C6AS3H32] or the calcium aluminate mono-sulfate hydrate [C4ASH18], are discussed. Also, CKD carbonation methods such as (a) Mohamed and El Gamal fluidization (MGF) process; (b) batch carbonation process; (c) column carbonation process; (d) rotating tube furnace carbonation process; (e) ultrasonic carbonation process; and (f) indirect carbonation, were discussed. Finally, CKD kinetic modeling, which describes the carbonation reaction, is discussed with emphasis on the type of carbonation reactor (static vs. dynamic)

Chapter 8 Carbonation of fly ash

This chapter discusses the sources and characteristics (physical, chemical, and mineralogical) of coal ashes, municipal solid waste incineration ashes and modern ashes, criteria for ash utilization in construct industry, current utilizations of ashes, and associated environmental risks. It also discusses the carbonation techniques (direct dry/semidry route, direct aqueous route, and indirect route), the carbonation reaction, and the thermodynamic modeling. For each carbonation method, examples from the literature were discussed. Finally, utilization of the fly ashes to produce Ca-based sorbents as well as the various sintering modification processes was discussed