The Assertion of Attorney Client Privilege by Counsel in Legal Malpractice Cases - Policy, Privilege and the Search for Truth in Cases Involving Implied Waivers

Waiver of attorney-client privilege frequently arises as an issue in legal malpractice cases. Discovery or privileged communications between client and counsel may show that attorneys other than the malpractice defendant played a substantial role in bringing about the client\u27s loss

Method for controlling the shift invariance of optical correlators

Holographic correlators can implement many correlations in parallel. For most systems shift invariance limits the number of correlation templates that can be stored in one correlator. This is because the output plane must be divided among the individual templates in the system. When the system is completely shift invariant, the correlation peak from one correlator can shift into an area that has been reserved for a different template; in this case a shifted version of one object might be mistaken for a well-centered version of a different object. We describe a technique for controlling the shift invariance of a correlator system by moving the holographic material away from the Fourier plane. (C) 1999 Optical Society of America

Comparison of exogenous energy sources for in vitro maintenance of follicle cell-free Xenopus laevis oocytes.

The purpose of these experiments was to determine which exogenous energy sources are suitable for isolated follicle cell-free oocytes from the frog, Xenopus laevis. In order to compare prospective energy sources, follicle cell-free oocytes from 0.4 to 1.3 mm in diameter were incubated in a 1 mM concentration of each of a variety of energy sources and scored daily for the maintenance of morphological characteristics. Vitellogenic oocytes placed in succinate or fumarate deteriorated at the same time as those in saline alone. Oocytes incubated in oxaloacetate (OAA) appeared to remain in the best morphological condition, followed by oocytes maintained in pyruvate or glucose. Fully grown oocytes were tested at various times of incubation for their ability to respond to progesterone by undergoing germinal vesicle breakdown. These experiments showed that oocytes placed in OAA or pyruvate retained the ability to respond to progesterone longer than those in the other energy sources. Increased respiratory rates were stimulated in isolated oocyte mitochondria by succinate as well as pyruvate and OAA. However, oocytes incubated in labelled pyruvate evolved 80 to 140 times as much labelled CO2 as oocytes incubated in labelled glucose or succinate. In addition, it was found that the rate of uptake of pyruvate is 20 to 25 times greater than the rate of uptake of glucose or succinate. It is concluded from these experiments that OAA and pyruvate are the most effective exogenous energy source for the in vitro maintenance of Xenopus oocytes. On possible explanation for the ineffectiveness of glucose or succinate as exogenous energy sources is a restriction in their uptake into the oocytes

Holographic techniques for recording ultrafast events

In this paper we report on a holographic method used to record fast events in the nanosecond time scale. Several frames of the expansion of shock waves in air and in a polymer sample are recorded holographically in a single shot experiment, using a pulse train generated with a single pulse from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The time resolution is limited by the laser pulse width, which is 5.9 ns. The different frames are recorded on the holographic material using angle multiplexing. Two cavities are used to generate the signal and reference pulses at different angles. We also present a method in which the recording material is replaced by a CCD camera. In this method the holograms are recorded directly on the CCD and digitally reconstructed. The holograms are recorded on a single frame of the CCD camera and then digitally separated and reconstructed

Space- and time-resolved spectrophotometry in microsystems

This work describes a simple optical method for obtaining, in a single still-capture image, the continuous absorbance spectra of samples at multiple locations of microsystems. This technique uses an unmodified bright-field microscope, an array of microlenses, and a diffraction grating to disperse the light transmitted by samples of 10- to 500-μm dimensions. By analyzing in a single image the first-order diffracted light, it is possible to collect the full and continuous absorbance spectra of samples at multiple locations (to a spatial resolution of ≈8 μm) in microwells and microchannels to examine dynamic chemical events (to a time resolution of <10 ms). This article also discusses the optical basis of this method. The simultaneous resolution of wavelength, time, and space at a scale <10 μm provides additional capabilities for chemical and biological analysis