Multiply connected wandering domains of entire functions

The dynamical behaviour of a transcendental entire function in any periodic component of the Fatou set is well understood. Here we study the dynamical behaviour of a transcendental entire function $f$ in any multiply connected wandering domain $U$ of $f$. By introducing a certain positive harmonic function $h$ in $U$, related to harmonic measure, we are able to give the first detailed description of this dynamical behaviour. Using this new technique, we show that, for sufficiently large $n$, the image domains $U_n=f^n(U)$ contain large annuli, $C_n$, and that the union of these annuli acts as an absorbing set for the iterates of $f$ in $U$. Moreover, $f$ behaves like a monomial within each of these annuli and the orbits of points in $U$ settle in the long term at particular `levels' within the annuli, determined by the function $h$. We also discuss the proximity of $\partial U_n$ and $\partial C_n$ for large $n$, and the connectivity properties of the components of $U_n \setminus \bar{C_n}$. These properties are deduced from new results about the behaviour of an entire function which omits certain values in an annulus

Dynamics of meromorphic functions with direct or logarithmic singularities

We show that if a meromorphic function has a direct singularity over infinity, then the escaping set has an unbounded component and the intersection of the escaping set with the Julia set contains continua. This intersection has an unbounded component if and only if the function has no Baker wandering domains. We also give estimates of the Hausdorff dimension and the upper box dimension of the Julia set of a meromorphic function with a logarithmic singularity over infinity. The above theorems are deduced from more general results concerning functions which have "direct or logarithmic tracts", but which need not be meromorphic in the plane. These results are obtained by using a generalization of Wiman-Valiron theory. The method is also applied to complex differential equations.Comment: 29 pages, 2 figures; v2: some overall revision, with comments and references added; to appear in Proc. London Math. So

A statistical evaluation of the effects of gender differences in assessment of acute inhalation toxicity

Acute inhalation toxicity of chemicals has conventionally been assessed by the median lethal concentration (LC50) test (organisation for economic co-operation and development (OECD) TG 403). Two new methods, the recently adopted acute toxic class method (ATC; OECD TG 436) and a proposed fixed concentration procedure (FCP), have recently been considered, but statistical evaluations of these methods did not investigate the influence of differential sensitivity between male and female rats on the outcomes. This paper presents an analysis of data from the assessment of acute inhalation toxicity for 56 substances. Statistically significant differences between the LC50 for males and females were found for 16 substances, with greater than 10-fold differences in the LC50 for two substances. The paper also reports a statistical evaluation of the three test methods in the presence of unanticipated gender differences. With TG 403, a gender difference leads to a slightly greater chance of under-classification. This is also the case for the ATC method, but more pronounced than for TG 403, with misclassification of nearly all substances from Globally Harmonised System (GHS) class 3 into class 4. As the FCP uses females only, if females are more sensitive, the classification is unchanged. If males are more sensitive, the procedure may lead to under-classification. Additional research on modification of the FCP is thus proposed

Connectedness properties of the set where the iterates of an entire function are unbounded

We investigate the connectedness properties of the set I+(f) of points where the iterates of an entire function f are unbounded. In particular, we show that I+(f) is connected whenever iterates of the minimum modulus of f tend to ∞. For a general transcendental entire function f, we show that I+(f)∪ \{\infty\} is always connected and that, if I+(f) is disconnected, then it has uncountably many components, infinitely many of which are unbounded

Seasonal Variability In The Ionosphere Of Uranus

Infrared ground-based observations using IRTF, UKIRT, and Keck II of Uranus have been analyzed as to identify the long-term behavior of the H-3(+) ionosphere. Between 1992 and 2008 there are 11 individual observing runs, each recording emission from the H-3(+) Q branch emission around 4 mu m through the telluric L' atmospheric window. The column-averaged rotational H-3(+) temperature ranges between 715 K in 1992 and 534 K in 2008, with the linear fit to all the run-averaged temperatures decreasing by 8 K year(-1). The temperature follows the fractional illumination curve of the planet, declining from solstice (1985) to equinox (2007). Variations in H-3(+) column density do not appear to be correlated to either solar cycle phase or season. The radiative cooling by H-3(+) is similar to 10 times larger than the ultraviolet solar energy being injected to the atmosphere. Despite the fact that the solar flux alone is incapable of heating the atmosphere to the observed temperatures, the geometry with respect to the Sun remains an important driver in determining the thermospheric temperature. Therefore, the energy source that heats the thermosphere must be linked to solar mechanisms. We suggest that this may be in the form of conductivity created by solar ionization of atmospheric neutrals and/or seasonally dependent magnetospherically driven current systems.STFC PP/E/000983/1, ST/G0022223/1RCUKGemini ObservatoryNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) NXX08A043G, NNX08AE38AAstronom

On multiply connected wandering domains of meromorphic functions

We describe conditions under which a multiply connected wandering domain of a transcendental meromorphic function with a finite number of poles must be a Baker wandering domain, and we discuss the possible eventual connectivity of Fatou components of transcendental meromorphic functions. We also show that if $f$ is meromorphic, $U$ is a bounded component of $F(f)$ and $V$ is the component of $F(f)$ such that $f(U)\subset V$, then $f$ maps each component of $\partial U$ onto a component of the boundary of $V$ in \hat{\C}. We give examples which show that our results are sharp; for example, we prove that a multiply connected wandering domain can map to a simply connected wandering domain, and vice versa.Comment: 18 pages. To be published in the Journal of the London Mathematical Societ

Functions of small growth with no unbounded Fatou components

We prove a form of the $\cos \pi \rho$ theorem which gives strong estimates for the minimum modulus of a transcendental entire function of order zero. We also prove a generalisation of a result of Hinkkanen that gives a sufficient condition for a transcendental entire function to have no unbounded Fatou components. These two results enable us to show that there is a large class of entire functions of order zero which have no unbounded Fatou components. On the other hand we give examples which show that there are in fact functions of order zero which not only fail to satisfy Hinkkanen's condition but also fail to satisfy our more general condition. We also give a new regularity condition that is sufficient to ensure that a transcendental entire function of order less than 1/2 has no unbounded Fatou components. Finally, we observe that all the conditions given here which guarantee that a transcendental entire function has no unbounded Fatou components, also guarantee that the escaping set is connected, thus answering a question of Eremenko for such functions