WHAT IS LEG DOMINANCE?

INTRODUCTION Often in research studies, it is important to assess right and/or left dominance of the hand or foot. Contrary to hand dominance, minimal attention has been given to the concept of leg or foot dominance. In the simplest terms, leg dominance has been determined by which hand is dominant. If one is right-handed, then one must be right leg dominant. If one is left-handed, then one must be left leg dominant. In other instances, leg dominance has been determined by a one-or two-foot item skills test such as kicking a ball or stepping up on a chair. (Harris, 1958; Kovak and Horkvic, 1970; Peters and Durding, 1979; and Porac and Cohen, 1981). It was not until the Chapman et al. (1987) test was designed that a more comprehensive assessment was possible. They developed a test of 13 items which included both manipulative and weight bearing activities. Alrernative tests of leg dominance have been based on the strength of the two legs and how it is related to handedness. Singh (1970) studied the strength of the legs in a pushing activity and found that the right legs of right-handed subjects were no different than their left legs, but found that left-handed subjects had stronger left legs than right legs. On the other hand, Carnahan et al. (1986) and Rosenrot (1980) reported leftfoot superiority in strength of force production in right handers. It also has been implied by some that because the left leg in right-handed people is longer and heavier, it must be stronger (Chibber and Singh, 1970). This has not, however, been fully substantiated. Friberg and Kvist (1988) studied handedness and leg length inequality in athletic jumping performances. They found no relationship between takeoff leg and handedness, but a significant relationship between leg length inequality and takeoff leg. The longer leg generally was the preferred leg. Therefore this study was undertaken to: 1) compare the contralateral strength of the quadricep and hamstring muscles in right and left leg dominant subjects; and 2) compare manipulative and weight bearing activities in right and left leg dominant subjects

Angelic presence in John Foxe's Actes and monuments

This thesis examines the development of angelology during the English Reformation as understood and mediated in John Foxe's Actes and Monuments. Foxe deploys angels in various intriguing ways throughout his four editions and across two decades of the formative years of reform to explain and help shape evolving theological orthodoxy and give sense to a soteriological landscape shifting to meet increasingly apocalyptic eschatological frameworks. The thesis critically assesses the place, role and significance of angelic presence in the emerging Protestant schema by plotting their utility to Foxe in his Actes and Monuments, not least in the exposition of Lollard, Henrician and Marian martyrdoms that feature angelic agency as central to their narrative. It examines three other tenets: Foxe's increasing use of apocalyptic constructs to define the historical framework of sixteenth-century society approaching End Times; the efficacy of placing angelic presence at the centre of confessional debates on the validity of reform programmes – contention over the real presence a principal example; and the maturation of traditional belief patterns relating to angelic protection and the guardian angel within the Protestant belief systems. The thesis concludes that Foxe employs angels strategically to reinforce these belief systems, with his identification of martyrs who embrace angelic intervention as a validating mechanism. For Foxe, angels guide and console his readers. Angels also serve as didactic tools to oppose Catholic teachings, promote Protestant reform, and locate reform progress firmly within an apocalyptic and revelatory framework

International study into the use of intermittent hormone therapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate : A meta-analysis of 1446 patients

OBJECTIVE: To review pooled phase II data to identify features of different regimens of intermittent hormone therapy (IHT), developed to reduce the morbidity of treating metastatic prostate cancer, and which carries a theoretical advantage of delaying the onset of androgen-independent prostate cancer, (AIPC) that are associated with success, highlighting features which require exploration with prospective trials to establish the best strategies for using this treatment. METHODS: Individual data were collated on 1446 patients with adequate information, from 10 phase II studies with >50 cases, identified through Pubmed. RESULTS: Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were developed to predict treatment success with a high degree of statistical success. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) nadir, the PSA threshold to restart treatment, and medication type and duration, were important predictors of outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The duration of biochemical remission after a period of HT is a durable early indicator of how rapidly AIPC and death will occur, and will make a useful endpoint in future trials to investigate the best ways to use IHT based on the important treatment cycling variables described above. Patients spent a mean of 39% of the time off treatment. The initial PSA level and PSA nadir allow the identification of patients with prostate cancer in whom it might be possible to avoid radical therapy.Peer reviewe

Growth and Characterization of 3C-SiC and 2H-AIN/GaN Films and Devices Produced on Step-Free 4H-SiC Mesa Substrates

While previously published experimental results have shown that the step-free (0 0 0 1) 4H-SiC mesa growth surface uniquely enables radical improvement of 3C-SiC and 2H-AlN/GaN heteroepitaxial film quality (greater than 100-fold reduction in extended defect densities), important aspects of the step-free mesa heterofilm growth processes and resulting electronic device benefits remain to be more fully elucidated. This paper reviews and updates recent ongoing studies of 3C-SiC and 2H-AlN/GaN heteroepilayers grown on top of 4H-SiC mesas. For both 3C-SiC and AlN/GaN films nucleated on 4H-SiC mesas rendered completely free of atomic-scale surface steps, TEM studies reveal that relaxation of heterofilm strain arising from in-plane film/substrate lattice constant mismatch occurs in a remarkably benign manner that avoids formation of threading dislocations in the heteroepilayer. In particular, relaxation appears to occur via nucleation and inward lateral glide of near-interfacial dislocation half-loops from the mesa sidewalls. Preliminary studies of homojunction diodes implemented in 3C-SiC and AlN/GaN heterolayers demonstrate improved electrical performance compared with much more defective heterofilms grown on neighbouring stepped 4H-SiC mesas. Recombination-enhanced dislocation motion known to degrade forward-biased 4H-SiC bipolar diodes has been completely absent from our initial studies of 3C-SiC diodes, including diodes implemented on defective 3C-SiC heterolayers grown on stepped 4H-SiC mesas