An Ex Vivo Study to Evaluate the Effect of Qmix 2in1 - A Newer Irrigant on Smear Layer Removal and Microhardness of Root Dentin

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Qmix 2in1 on smear layer removal and its effect on microhardness of root dentin. 80 extracted human mandibular premolars with single canal and mature apices were selected for this study. The teeth samples were decoronated at cemento-enamel junction and working length was established 1mm short of the apex. The samples were randomly divided into two groups. The contact time of final rinse for all the samples in group I was one minute. The contact time of final rinse for all the group II samples was two minutes. The volume of the irrigants used was standardized as 10ml for initial rinse and 2ml for final rinse. Each group was further subdivided into four subgroups. Samples in groups IA & IIA were irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite as initial and final rinse. Samples in groups IB&IIB were irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite as initial rinse followed by 17% EDTA as final rinse. Samples in groups IC & IIC were irrigated with 17% EDTA as initial rinse followed by 5.25% sodium hypochlorite as final rinse. Samples in groups ID & IID were irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite as initial rinse followed by Qmix 2in1 as final rinse. Cleaning and shaping was performed with nickel-titanium rotary protaper system following the sequence of irrigation mentioned above. The samples were split longitudinally and one half of the specimen was examined under SEM and scored using Torabinejad’s scoring system. The smear layer scores were statistically analysed and comparison between the groups and within the groups were performed using Chi-square Test. The other half of the specimen was subjected to Microhardness testing using a Vicker’s indenter under 300g load and a dwell time of 20 seconds. Results were subjected to statistical analysis using one way ANOVA, Tukey HSD and student’s t-tests. CONCLUSION : Within the limitations of this present study, it can be concluded that: 1. Smear layer removing efficacy of Qmix 2in1 as final rinse was comparable to that of 17% EDTA as final rinse. 2. The smear layer removing efficacy of Qmix 2in1 as final rinse was better than 5.25% NaOCl as final rinse. 3. For all the tested irrigants, the difference in smear layer removal was not significant between 1 minute and 2 minute contact time of final rinse. 4. Microhardness values of samples treated with Qmix 2in1 as final irrigant were comparable to that of 17% EDTA + NaOCl as final rinse and NaOCl +17% EDTA. 5. The effect of irrigants on the values of dentin microhardness were similar and there was no statistically significant difference between 1 minute and 2minute contact time. 6. 1 minute final rinse of Qmix 2in1 adequately removes smear layer without significantly affecting the microhardness of root dentin. 7. From this above study it can be inferred that 2ml of Qmix 2in1 as final rinse for 1 minute has high potential for the removal of the smear layer without affecting the microhardness of root dentin. Further investigations have to be focused on the antimicrobial efficacy of Qmix 2in1 against Enterococus faecalis and Candida albicans, the predominant organisms in persistent infections of root canal

Effectiveness of breast feeding training programme on knowledge and practice among primipara mothers

Breast feeding becomes part of a woman's identity as she enters the journey into motherhood. Throughout their journey into motherhood women weigh up information about breast feeding in relation to this as they decide what to do. There are certain dangers associated during breast feeding which can result in health complications for the newborn. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of breast feeding training programme on knowledge and practice among primipara mothers in Saidapet Emergency Obstetric care unit at Chennai. The hypothesis formulated was that there was significant association between the breast feeding training programme and the level of knowledge and practices among primipara mothers. The investigator collects the review of literature the relevant information and support the study. The conceptual framework for this study was based on Reva Rubin’s maternal role attainment theory. The study was conducted by adopting a pre experimental one group pretest and post test design among 60 primipara mothers who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Simple random sampling technique (lottery method) was used to select the primipara mothers. A pretest was conducted to assess the existing level of knowledge and practice regarding breast feeding. The investigator has conducted the post test by using the same standardized tools provided in pretest, for primipara mother on the 3rd day. Analysis revealed that the pretest level of knowledge mean score was 152.37 with the standard deviation of 26.09 and the post test level of knowledge mean score was 214.42 with the standard deviation of 11.82. The paired ‘t’ test value was 16.90 at the level of p<0.001which shows very high significant. The pretest level of practice mean score was 7.32 with the standard deviation of 1.75 and the post test level of practice mean score was 12.60 with the standard deviation of 1.96. The paired ‘t’ test value was 16.90 at the level of p < 0.001 which shows very high significant. Thus, it indicated that there was effectiveness of training programme regarding breast feeding among primipara mothers. Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient value of r= 0.6, at the level of p < 0.001 which showed moderate correlation between posttest level of knowledge and practice among primipara mothers. The analysis revealed that there was significant correlation found between posttest level of knowledge and practice regarding breast feeding among primipara mothers. So the research hypothesis was accepted for the study

Diabetes Mellitus: Can Stem Cells be the Answer?

This review aims to enlighten the readers regarding the past, present and future of stem cells in the treatment of Diabetes. Diabetes is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, affecting more than 415 million people worldwide. It is estimated that one in ten adults will have diabetes by 2030. Diabetes is mainly due to reduction in β-cell mass which are responsible for insulin production. Exogenous administration of insulin is having good impact on restoring glucose homeostasis, but it does not entirely control the minute-to-minute fluctuations in systemic blood glucose. Recently cellular-based therapies have been established for exogenous insulin administration by modern pump technology. One of the most interesting therapies involves substitution of insulin producing islet cells by transplantation. But lack of donor material and lifelong immunosuppression made the technique unfeasible. These restrictions have led to exploration of other sources of β-cells, one of the prospects being the stem cells. Several types of stem cells have been used to make pancreatic β-cells, including human embryonic stem cells / induced pluripotent stem cells, pancreatic stem / progenitor cells, and non-pancreatic stem cells. There is also evidence of adult β-cells regeneration through β-cell replication and cellular reprogramming. Functional restoration of existing β-cells, transplantation of stem cells or stem cell-derived β-like cells might provide new opportunities for treatment. In conclusion it can be said that the research is still wide open to arrive at the efficient reprogramming of various types of stem cells to destine them towards functional β-cells

A NOVEL RAPID RP-HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF BALOFLOXACIN IN TABLETS

Objective: To develop a rapid, accurate, precise and linear Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method and validate as per ICH guidelines for the quantitative estimation of Balofloxacin in tablets.Methods: The optimized method uses a reverse phase column, Enable Make C18G (250 X 4.6 mm; 5μ), a mobile phase of triethylammonium phosphate buffer (pH 2.3): acetonitrile in the proportion of 20:80 v/v, flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and a detection wavelength of 280 nm using a UV detector.Results: The developed method resulted in Balofloxacin eluting at 2.6 min. Balofloxacin exhibited linearity in the range 2.5-7.5μg/ml. The precision is exemplified by relative standard deviation of 1.08%. Percentage Mean recovery was found to be in the range of 98â€102, during accuracy studies.Conclusion: A rapid, accurate, precise and linear isocratic RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the quantitative estimation of Balofloxacin in tablets as per ICH guidelines and hence it can be used for routine analysis in various pharmaceutical industries.Â

OZONE-A REVIEW

Ozone (O3) gas discovered in the mid-nineteenth century is a molecule consisting of three atoms of oxygen in a dynamically unstable structure due to the presence of mesomeric states. Ozone therapy has been utilized and heavily studied for more than a century. Its effects are proven, consistent, safe and with minimal and preventable side effects. Medical O3 is used to disinfect and treat disease. Mechanism of actions is by inactivation of bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeast and protozoa, stimulation of oxygen metabolism, activation of the immune system. Medication forms in a gaseous state are somewhat unusual, and it is for this reason that special application techniques have had to be developed for the safe use of O3. In local applications as in the treatment of external wounds, its application in the form of a transcutaneous O3 gas bath has established itself as being the most practical and useful method, for example at low (sub-atmospheric) pressure in a closed system guaranteeing no escape of O3 into the surrounding air. Ozonized water, whose use is particularly known in dental medicine, is optimally applied as a spray or compress. Diseases treated are infected wounds, circulatory disorders, geriatric conditions, macular degeneration, viral diseases, rheumatism/arthritis, cancer, SARS and AIDS. KEYWORDS: Allodynia; Autohemotherapy; Lipid ozonation products; Ozone