Peranan Bioteknologi dan Mikroba Endofit dalam Pengembangan Obat Herbal

Plants have been the chief source of compounds of medicine for thousand of years. Plants are also the source of many medicines for the majority of the worldÂ’s population. The role of biotechnology is very important for multiplying, conserving the spesies, and enhancing the production of secondary metabolites. Endophytes are microbes that inhabit plants are currently considered to be a wellspring of novel secondary metabolites offering the potensial for medical and industrial exploitation. Natural products from various endophytic microbes have been investigated. Some examples of natural products observed from endophytic microbes are antibiotics, antiviral compounds, anticancers, antimalarial compounds, antioxidants, antidiabetics, and immunosuppressive compounds

Avian Influenza a (H5n1) : Patogenesis, Pencegahan Dan Penyebaran Pada Manusia

Avian influenza A (H5N1), or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), has become the worldÂ’s attention because of possibility of global pandemic. This review describes the features of human infection, pathogenesis, transmission, and clinical management of avian influenza A (H5N1)

Pendekatan Farmakogenomik Dalam Pengembangan Obat Baru

The human population is heterogeneous and consists of populations of immense ethnic diversity. There are considerable allelic differences between human popula-tions as well as individuals within each ethnic group as a result of molecular hetero-geneity of the genome. This, in turn, is responsible for differential allelic expression of genes endowing them with polymorphic characters. The molecular diversity within genes is responsible amongst others, of disease resistance or susceptibility or for that matter drug response. Pharmacogenomics is the key to the understanding of differ-ential drug response in different patients in relation to genetic constitution. The revelation of such information at the molecular level would assist the pharmaceuti-cal industry to address a therapy directed to each individual. The objective of this article is to understand the nuances of the genetic repertoire and correlate it with disease gene identification, genes that have been or can be used as drug targets,identify candidate genes for drug development and recent trends in drug discovery

Pemeriksaan Bakteriologis Air Minum Isi Ulang Di Beberapa Depo Air Minum Isi Ulang Di Daerah Lenteng Agung Dan Srengseng Sawah Jakarta Selatan

Recently, refilled drinking water stores are flourishing in the some cities of Indonesia. This research tries to find out the quality of refilled drinking water at some shop in Jagakarsa, South Jakarta. The samples of refilled drinking water were taken from thir-teen shops around Lenteng Agung and Srengseng Sawah, Jagakarsa area. The bacte-riological test of refilled drinking water was to detect the availability of Coliformbacteria and identification of some bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Sal-monella, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.It had been concluded that two of thirteen samples of refilled drinking water had the total number of bacteria above of the limit number according to the standard about the quality and requirement of drinking water. Four of the thirteen samples contain Sta-phylococcus aureus and none of the samples contain Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba Dan Uji Sitotoksik Ekstrak Etanol Akar Tanaman Akar Kucing (Acalypha Indica Linn), Daging Buah Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria Macrocarpa (Sheff) Boerl) Dan Sari Buah Merah (Pandanus Conoideus Lam)

The antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic effect of ethanol extract of Acalypha indica Linn, Phaleria macrocarpa (Sheff) Boerl and Pandanus conoideus Lam, had been carried out. The results of the research showed that those ethanol extracts had antimi-crobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosae ATCC 27853 and Candida albicans. The determi-nation of cytotoxic effects of those ethanol extracts by brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) using Artemia salina Leach showed that LC50 of Acalypha indica Linn, Phaleria macrocarpa (Sheff) Boerl and Pandanus conoideus Lam were 1,279 ug/ml, 0.123 ug/ml and 0.054 ug/ml respectively

Self-assembly of proteins into a three-dimensional multilayer system: investigation of the surface of the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus.

Hydrophobins are small surface active proteins that fulfil a wide spectrum of functions in fungal growth and development. The human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus expresses RodA hydrophobins that self-assemble on the outer conidial surface into tightly organized nanorods known as rodlets. AFM investigation of the conidial surface allows us to evidence that RodA hydrophobins self-assemble into rodlets through bilayers. Within bilayers, hydrophilic domains of hydrophobins point inward, thus making a hydrophilic core, while hydrophobic domains point outward. AFM measurements reveal that several rodlet bilayers are present on the conidial surface thus showing that proteins self-assemble into a complex three-dimensional multilayer system. The self-assembly of RodA hydrophobins into rodlets results from attractive interactions between stacked β-sheets, which conduct to a final linear cross-β spine structure. A Monte Carlo simulation shows that anisotropic interactions are the main driving forces leading the hydrophobins to self-assemble into parallel rodlets, which are further structured in nanodomains. Taken together, these findings allow us to propose a mechanism, which conducts RodA hydrophobins to a highly ordered rodlet structure. The mechanism of hydrophobin assembly into rodlets offers new prospects for the development of more efficient strategies leading to disruption of rodlet formation allowing a rapid detection of the fungus by the immune system

Evaluasi Penggunaan Antibiotik Dengan Metode Gyssens Pada Pasien Stroke Rawat Inap Di RSUD Koja Secara Retrospektif (Periode KJS Dan BPJS)

Stroke is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Patients with stroke are susceptible to medical complications, especially infections. This study aim to evaluate antibiotic by stroke inpatients hospitalized in RSUD Koja (KJS and BPJS period) with Gyssens methods. The study design is a retrospective cross-sectional. The sample is consisted of 112 medical records from KJS period (July 2013-December 2013) and 74 medical records from BPJS period (January 2014-June 2014) taken by total sampling. The use of antibiotic were analyzed using Chi Square and logistic regression multivariate. The percentage of antibiotic use was 23,11%, mostly were ceftriaxon 33,3%, ceftizozim 7,6% and amoxicillin – clavulanic acid 7,6%. Length of stay more than 7 days was 77,96%. The most common route of antibiotic administration was parenteral (68,67%). Patients that were given antibiotics were,among others,diagnosal by bronchopneumonia (29,33%), pulmonary tuberculosis and 17,6% and urinary tract infection (8,7%). The clinical outcome showed that 69,3% of 186 patients were recovered after antibiotic were given to treat their infections. Gyssen evaluation method showed that rational antibiotic used on KJS period was 77,4% and BPJS periods was 81,3%. There were correlations between rational use at antibiotic and the route of administration, between clinical outcome anduse at diagnosis and route of administration. The conclusion of this study according to Gyssen method is the rational antibiotic influence the clinical outcome (p < 0,05)