A review of reaction rates and thermodynamic and transport properties for an 11-species air model for chemical and thermal nonequilibrium calculations to 30000 K

Reaction rate coefficients and thermodynamic and transport properties are reviewed and supplemented for the 11-species air model which can be used for analyzing flows in chemical and thermal nonequilibrium up to temperatures of 3000 K. Such flows will likely occur around currently planned and future hypersonic vehicles. Guidelines for determining the state of the surrounding environment are provided. Curve fits are given for the various species properties for their efficient computation in flowfield codes. Approximate and more exact formulas are provided for computing the properties of partially ionized air mixtures in a high energy environment. Limitations of the approximate mixing laws are discussed for a mixture of ionized species. An electron number-density correction for the transport properties of the charged species is obtained. This correction has been generally ignored in the literature

Nonlocal Electrodynamic Modeling of Fluorescence Characteristics for Molecules in a Spherical Cavity

The emission characteristics for molecules in a spherical metallic microcavity are computed using a nonlocal electrodynamic model, based on a theory previously published by Fuchs and Claro [Phys. Rev. B 35, 3722 (1987)] for the multipole polarizability of a sphere. Both radially and tangentially oriented molecules at arbitrary locations inside the cavity are considered, and the results are compared with those from both the local response theory and those for molecules outside a spherical particle. The issue of reciprocity of the solutions for each of the sphere and cavity cases, respectively, is examined in the light of the nonlocal effects. It is observed that for emission frequencies below the surface plasmon frequency of the cavity material, the nonlocal effects in general lead to less surface-induced modifications of the molecular properties, similar to the situation for a spherical particle. However, the reciprocity nature between the solutions for the sphere and cavity disappears in the presence of nonlocal effects

The Role of Chain Entropy in an Analytic Model of Protein Binding in Single-DNA Stretching Experiments

We show that the simple analytical model proposed by Zhang and Marko (Phys. Rev. E 77, 031916 (2008)) to illustrate Maxwell relations for single-DNA experiments can be improved by including the zero-force entropy of a Gaussian chain. The resulting model is in excellent agreement with the discrete persistent-chain model and is in a form convenient for analyzing experimental data.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure

Evidence for electron transfer between graphene and non‐covalently bound π‐systems

Hybridizing graphene and molecules possess a high potential for developing materials for new applications. However, new methods to characterize such hybrids must be developed. Herein, the wet‐chemical non‐covalent functionalization of graphene with cationic π‐systems is presented and the interaction between graphene and the molecules is characterized in detail. A series of tricationic benzimidazolium salts with various steric demand and counterions was synthesized, characterized and used for the fabrication of graphene hybrids. Subsequently, the doping effects were studied. The molecules are adsorbed onto graphene and studied by Raman spectroscopy, XPS as well as ToF‐SIMS. The charged π‐systems show a p‐doping effect on the underlying graphene. Consequently, the tricationic molecules are reduced through a partial electron transfer process from graphene, a process which is accompanied by the loss of counterions. DFT calculations support this hypothesis and the strong p‐doping could be confirmed in fabricated monolayer graphene/hybrid FET devices. The results are the basis to develop sensor applications, which are based on analyte/molecule interactions and effects on doping

SOFT TISSUE MOVEMENT IN THE LOWER LIMB DURING DROP JUMPS

Understanding loading on the human body and movement energetics is essential for researchers and practitioners to optimise training and investigate potential mechanisms of injury and adaptation. Recent work has suggested soft tissue movement relative to underlying bones during impact affects not only calculated loading but also metabolic cost. The aim of this study was to quantify the movement of the centre of mass of the soft tissues of the shank during high-impact, drop jump landings from 30 and 45 cm in healthy, adult males, and quantify the work done by these tissues. Soft tissue centre of mass moved by up to 0.038 m in the vertical direction (average: 0.021 m), and the soft tissues performed 2.9-3.5 J of work (4.1-6.4 J absolute work) during the landings. These results may hence have a significant effect on calculated joint torques and movement energetics

3,3′′,4,4′′-Tetra­meth­oxy-1,1′:4′,1′′-terphen­yl

The title mol­ecule, C22H22O4, is centrosymmetric with an inversion centre located at the centre of the benzene ring. The 3,4-dimeth­oxy­benzene fragment is essentially planar [maximum deviation = 0.400 (2) Å] and twisted relative to the central benzene ring, forming a dihedral angle of 21.25 (7)°. In the crystal, C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into a two-dimensional polymeric structure lying parallel to (100)

Network community cluster-based analysis for the identification of potential leukemia drug targets

Leukemia is a hematologic cancer which develops in blood tissue and causes rapid generation of immature and abnormal-shaped white blood cells. It is one of the most prominent causes of death in both men and women for which there is currently not an effective treatment. For this reason, several therapeutical strategies to determine potentially relevant genetic factors are currently under development, as targeted therapies promise to be both more effective and less toxic than current chemotherapy. In this paper, we present a network community cluster-based analysis for the identification of potential gene drug targets for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft