Reconstruction of the Old Bridge of Mostar

The Old Bridge of Mostar was built in 1566 by Hajrudin, a student of Kodza Mimar Sinan, the greatest Ottoman architect. It is a stone bridge of very slender and elegant shapes: its profile and its skyline are so thin and so high over the river waters that it is hard to believe that such a structure could be made out of huge stone blocks. The Bridge was destroyed in November 1993 by shelling during the recent war events. Its reconstruction was one of the biggest and most complicated projects involving UNESCO, The World Bank and many local and international experts. The task was to build a New Old Bridge – precisely the same in all details as the Old one. After many studies, tests and shape determinations, the project was completed and the actual reconstruction work could begin. Ancient techniques and methods, original materials and a perfectly reconstructed shape gave this Bridge its new life in post-war Mostar

A Shift in Systems: (Co-)conceptualising Pedagogy in an Era of Continuous Complexity

As a result of complex co-constructive entanglements of contemporary lived-ex-perience, this paper develops ideas from posthumanist and material perspectives on education, that recognise, unpack and analyse the particular dynamic, co-con-structive nature of the postdigital entanglements of technology with the epistemic and ontological development of students (Bozalek, Braidotti, Shefer and Zemby-las, 2018). Drawing from Haraway’s idea of symbiogenesis, (2016), this paper suggests that a critical facet of contemporary pedagogy requires an understanding of the key skill of poiesis, to render visible the entangled ontology of the contem-porary postdigital adolescent to better inform appropriate pedagogic developments

Uticaj obima analiziranih podataka na vrednost koeficijenata heritabiliteta osobina veličine legla svinja

Low heritability of pig litter size traits at birth (number of live born piglets - LBP and total born piglets - TBP) and weaning (number of reared piglets - RP) is one of the major problems in their genetic improvement. The effect of selection is directly proportional to trait heritability and inversely proportional to the duration of generation interval. Objective of this study was to establish presence of difference in regard to heritability coefficient values of observed traits, as well as their accuracy depending on the size of data used in the analysis. Heritability coefficients in this study were calculated based on fertility results obtained for Swedish Landrace sows on three pig farms (farms 1, 2 and 3) in the Republic of Serbia. Observed traits - LBP, TBP and RP on farms 1, 2 and 3 were analyzed in the first (2422, 1677 and 2015 litters), in the first two (4190, 2897 and 3377 litters), in the first three (5576, 3809 and 4425 litters) and all available parities (9538, 6340 and 7750 litters) by applying the adequate mixed model of the Least square method. Heritability of LBP calculated based on fertility realized in the first partus ranged from 5.6 to 16.4 %, TBP ranged from 7.0 to 16.8 % and RP ranged from 3.4 to 7.7 %. Introduction into the analysis of the results pertaining to the second, third and subsequent parities lead mainly to detection of lower values of heritability coefficients for observed traits.U ovom radu rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da su koeficijenti heritabiliteta BŽP izračunati na osnovu plodnosti ostvarene u prvom prašenju bili u intervalu od 5,6 do 16,4 %, BUP u intervalu od 7,0 do 16,8 % i BOP u intervalu od 3,4 do 7,7 %. Uvođenje u analizu rezultata plodnosti drugog, trećeg i svih ostalih prašenja dovelo je uglavnom do utvrđivanja nižih vrednosti koeficijenata heritabiliteta posmatranih osobina

The Assessment of Breeding Value of First Farrowed Sows by the Method of Selection Indices

The goal of this research paper was to assess the breeding value of first farrowed Swedish Landrace sows by the means of selection indices method. The traits on the basis of which the breeding value of animals was assessed are following: daily liveweight gain, average thickness of collected back fat measured at five sites and number of liveborn piglets in the first litter. The liveweight gain and carcass quality traits determined at the end of performance test were corrected for the body mass of 100kg by the method of basic indexes and following mean values were determined: for corrected daily liveweight gain (KZDP) 499.92g/day and for corrected average collected backfat thickness (KSL) 20.01mm. The first farrowed sows on average produced 8.09 liveborn piglets in the litter. Studying the effect of the gilts` birth year and season on KZDP and KSL it was determined that the gilts` birth year and season had no statistically significant influence (P>0.05) on KZDP variation but they had a statistically significant effect on KSL (P0.05) on BZPL, while the KZDP class and the age at first farrowing had a statistically significant effect on the variability of these trait (P<0.05; P<0.01). All studied traits varied statistically significantly (P<0.01) under the impact of the gilts` sire or dam. Heritability coefficients were: h2= 0.402 for KZDP, h2= 0.261 for KSL and h2= 0.177 for BZPL. The relation between KZDP and KSL was of a medium strength both at phenotype and genetic levels (rph=0.491; rg=0.411), while the relation of these traits with BZPL did not exist, except for the genetic relationship between KSL and KZDP which was of a medium strength (rg=0.252). Three equations for the selection indexes were constructed among which as the most optimal was chosen the one which includes all three traits (KZDP, KSL and BZPL) and whose correlation coefficent of selection index and aggregate genotype was rIAG = 0.5473

Naslednost i povezanost osobina veličine legla svinja utvrđena REML metodom

The aim of this study was to determine the heritability coefficients and the correlation between the number of live born piglets (NBA), the number of stillborn piglets (NSB), the number of total born piglets (NTB) and the number of weaned piglets (NW) in the part of population in Swedish Landrace sows in R. Serbia. The results obtained should enable the selection of litter size traits that would be proposed to be included in the selection - breeding program for this breed. The analysis of parameters was carried out on the basis of data on fertility of 4.061 Swedish Landrace sows and their 15.209 litters realized on two pig farms in R. Serbia. There was a genetic relationship between animals among the farms. Components of variance and covariance of observed traits, the share of additive genetic variance component in the phenotypic and correlation of traits at phenotypic and genetic levels, were evaluated using the method of Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) using the Multitrait Model (MM). Heritability estimates for the NBA, NSB, NTB and NW amounted to 6.4, 1.6, 6.7 and 1.1%, respectively. Correlation between the NBA and NTB at the phenotypic and genetic level was complete (rP = 0986, rG = 0938). Correlation between the NBA and NW at the phenotypic level has not been established, while at the genetic level it was weak. We believe that this is the result of the procedure of equalizing of litters after farrowing. In order to obtain objective genetic parameters for NW this procedure should not be applied in pure breed sows.Cilj istraživanja bio je da se utvrde koeficijenti naslednosti i povezanosti između broja živorođene prasadi (NBA), broja mrtvorođene prasadi (NSB), broja ukupno rođene prasadi (NTB) i broja odgajene prasadi (NW) u delu populacije krmača rase švedski landras u R. Srbiji. Dobijeni rezultati treba da omoguće izbor osobina veličine legla koje bi bile predložene za uključivanje u selekcijsko - odgajivački program za ovu rasu. Ocena analiziranih parametara sprovedena je na osnovu podataka o plodnosti 4061 krmača rase švedski landras i njihovih 15209 legala ostvarenih na dve farme svinja u R. Srbiji između kojih postoji genetska povezanost među životinjama. Komponente varijanse i kovarijanse posmatranih osobina, udeo aditivne genetske komponente varijanse u fenotipskoj i povezanost osobina na fenotipskom i genetskom nivou ocenjene su metodom ograničene najveće verovatnoće (REML - Restricted Maximum Likelihood) primenom višeosobinskog modela (MM - Multitrait Model). Heritabiliteti za NBA, NSB, NTB i NW su iznosili 6.4, 1.6, 6.7 i 1.1 %, respectively. Povezanost NBA i NTB na fenotipskom i na genetskom nivou je bila potpuna (rP = 0.986, rG = 0.938). Povezanost NBA i NW na fenotipskom nivou nije utvrđena, dok je na genetskom bila slaba. Smatramo da je to posledica postupka ujednačavanja legala posle prašenja. Radi dobijanja objektivnih genetskih parametara za NW ovaj postupak ne treba primenjivati kod čistorasnih krmača

The Assessment of Breeding Value of First Farrowed Sows by the Method of Selection Indices

The goal of this research paper was to assess the breeding value of first farrowed Swedish Landrace sows by the means of selection indices method. The traits on the basis of which the breeding value of animals was assessed are following: daily liveweight gain, average thickness of collected back fat measured at five sites and number of liveborn piglets in the first litter. The liveweight gain and carcass quality traits determined at the end of performance test were corrected for the body mass of 100kg by the method of basic indexes and following mean values were determined: for corrected daily liveweight gain (KZDP) 499.92g/day and for corrected average collected backfat thickness (KSL) 20.01mm. The first farrowed sows on average produced 8.09 liveborn piglets in the litter. Studying the effect of the gilts` birth year and season on KZDP and KSL it was determined that the gilts` birth year and season had no statistically significant influence (P>0.05) on KZDP variation but they had a statistically significant effect on KSL (P lt 0.01). The year and the season of farrowing and the class of backfat thickness in performance test did not display any statistically significant effect (P>0.05) on BZPL, while the KZDP class and the age at first farrowing had a statistically significant effect on the variability of these trait (P lt 0.05; P lt 0.01). All studied traits varied statistically significantly (P lt 0.01) under the impact of the gilts` sire or dam. Heritability coefficients were: h2= 0.402 for KZDP, h2= 0.261 for KSL and h2= 0.177 for BZPL. The relation between KZDP and KSL was of a medium strength both at phenotype and genetic levels (rph=0.491; rg=0.411), while the relation of these traits with BZPL did not exist, except for the genetic relationship between KSL and KZDP which was of a medium strength (rg=0.252). Three equations for the selection indexes were constructed among which as the most optimal was chosen the one which includes all three traits (KZDP, KSL and BZPL) and whose correlation coefficent of selection index and aggregate genotype was rIAG = 0.5473

Estimation of the Variance Components of the Sow Litter Size Traits Using Reml Method - Repeatability Model

Variance components for sow litter size traits were estimated using the REML method. Number of live born piglets (NBA), number of still born piglets (NSB), number of total born piglets (NTB) and number of weaned piglets (NW) were treated as traits which repeated several times during sow lifetime - repeatability model. Results of the fertility of Swedish Landrace sows realized on three pig farms in the Republic of Serbia were presented in four data sets DS1 (farm 1), DS2 (farm 2), DS3 (farm 3) and DS23 (farms 2 and 3 together). Fixed part of the model for litter size traits at farrowing (NBA, NSB and NTB) included parity, mating season as year-month interaction, litter genotype and weaning to conception interval as class effects. The age at farrowing was modelled as a quadratic regression nested within parity, whereas preceding lactation length was included as linear regression. In case of NW the model included parity, weaning season as year-month interaction, number of piglets in litter subsequent to crossfostering and litter genotype as class effects. The age at farrowing was included into the model in the same way as in case of previous traits. Random part of the model was the same for all analysed traits and represented as effect of common environment in litter where sows had been born, permanent effect of environment in sows’ litters and direct additive genetic effect. Heritability of NBA varied between 0.050 (DS2) and 0.076 (DS3), NSB between 0.004 (DS3) and 0.027 (DS2), NTB between 0.065 (DS2) and 0.073 (DS3) and of NW between 0.010 (DS2) and 0.028 (DS1). Share of permanent environment of sow in phenotypic variance was higher than share of litter effect and mostly lower than share of direct genetic effect

Mogućnosti upotrebe selekcijskog indeksa u proceni priplodne vrednosti krava Holštajn rase u Srbiji

The conducted research was aimed at constructing equations of selection index that would be used in the selection of the Holstein-Friesian breed animals in Serbia. The construction of the selection index includes the most important milk traits observed in standard lactation: milk yield (MY305), milk fat content (% MF305) and protein content (% MP305). The variance and covariance necessary for the construction of selection index are calculated using the mixed model by the method of least squares. The economic value of traits is expressed as a ratio of relative changes in costs per unit of traits included in the selection index. Livestock included in the research produced, in the first standard lactation, an average of 7681 kg of milk with 3.58% milk fat and 3.28% protein. The equation of the selection index presented in the paper is selected from the group of equations of selection index, as an equation with the highest correlation between the equation and the aggregate genotype, which amounted to 0.2156.Sprovedeno istraživanje imalo je za cilj konstruisanje jednačine selekcijskog indeksa koja bi se koristila u odabiru grla holštajn-frizijske rase u Srbiji. U konstrukciju selekcijskog indeksa uključene su najvažnije osobine mlečnosti posmatrane u standardnoj laktaciji: prinos mleka (PM305), sadržaj mlečne masti (%MM305) i sadržaj proteina (%MP305). Varijanse i kovarijanse neophodne za konstrukciju selekcijskog indeksa izračunate su primenom mešovitog modela metodom najmanjih kvadrata. Ekonomska vrednost osobina je izražena kao odnos relativne promene troškova po jedinici osobina uključenih u selekcijski indeks. Grla obuhvaćena istraživanjem prosečno su proizvela u prvoj standardnoj laktaciji 7681 kg mleka sa 3,58 % mlečne masti i 3,28% proteina. Jednačina selekcijskog indeksa prikazana u radu odabrana je iz grupe jednačina selekcijskog indeksa, kao jednačina sa najvećom korelacijom između jednačine i agregatnog genotipa, koja je iznosila 0,2156.

Osobine ejakulata i reproduktivna efikasnost nerasta velikog jorkšira tokom iskorišćavanja

The main objective of this study was to assess the variability of ejaculate properties: volume of ejaculate (VOL, ml), sperm concentration (CON, spermatozoa/ml), total sperm count (NT) and the number of doses produced (NPD) per ejaculate under the influence of season, boar and the interval between two mounts. Reproductive efficiency of boars was analysed based on the farrowing rate (FR). The study included 341 ejaculates from seven Large White boars. Impact assessment was carried out by applying the GLM procedure of the statistical package SAS 9.1.3. The average values of VOL, CON, NT, NPD and FR were: 244.28 ml, 203.77x106 spermatozoa/ml, 43.48x109 spermatozoa, 17.39 doses and 67.58%. Ejaculate properties varied under the influence of season (P lt 0.01, P lt 0.001). The interval between two mounts did not affect only the variability of CON. The difference between the best and worst boars was 91.99x106 spermatozoa/ml of ejaculate (P lt 0.001). During summer VOL ejaculate was the lowest (191.36 ml). The highest NPD (19.04 doses) was produced during the autumn months, and during the same period the highest concentration of sperm was recorded (242.16x106 spermatozoa/ml). Regardless of the differences in the farrowing rate between boars not being statistically significant (P=0.0882), it is necessary to perform the ranking and promptly identify boars with farrowing rate below average.Osnovni cilj istraživanja bio je da se oceni varijabilnost osobina ejakulata: volumen ejakulata(VOL, ml), koncentracija sperme (CON, spermatozoida/ml), ukupan broj spermatozoida (NT) i broj proizvedenih doza (NPD) po ejakulatu pod uticajem nerasta, sezone i intervala izmedju dva skoka. Reproduktivna efikasnost nerasta analizirana je na osnovu procenta prašenja (FR). Istraživanjem je bio obuhvaćen 341 ejakulat sedam nerasta velikog jorkšira. Ocena uticaja je izvršena primenom GLM procedure u statističkom paketu SAS 9.1.3. Prosečne vrednosti VOL, CON, NT, NPD i FR bile su: 244,28 ml, 203,77x106 spermatozoida/ml, 43,48x109 spermatozoida, 17,39 doza i 67,58%. Osobine ejakulata varirale su pod uticajem sezone (P lt 0,01; P lt 0,001). Interval između dva skoka nije uticao jedino na varijabilnost CON. Razlika izmedju najboljeg i najlošijeg nerasta bila je 91,99x106 spermatozoida/ml ejakulata (P lt 0,001). Tokom letnjih meseci VOL ejakulata bio je najmanji (191,36 ml). Najveći NPD (19,04 doza) proizveden je tokom jesenjih meseci, a tokom istog perioda bila je i najveća koncentracija sperme (242,16x106 spermatozoida/ml). Bez obzira što razlike u procentu prašenja između nerasta nisu bile statistički značajne (P=0,0882), potrebno je vršiti rangiranje i pravovremeno identifikovati neraste sa procentom prašenja ispod proseka