Interaction Properties of the Periodic and Step-like Solutions of the Double-Sine-Gordon Equation

The periodic and step-like solutions of the double-Sine-Gordon equation are investigated, with different initial conditions and for various values of the potential parameter $\epsilon$. We plot energy and force diagrams, as functions of the inter-soliton distance for such solutions. This allows us to consider our system as an interacting many-body system in 1+1 dimension. We therefore plot state diagrams (pressure vs. average density) for step-like as well as periodic solutions. Step-like solutions are shown to behave similarly to their counterparts in the Sine-Gordon system. However, periodic solutions show a fundamentally different behavior as the parameter $\epsilon$ is increased. We show that two distinct phases of periodic solutions exist which exhibit manifestly different behavior. Response functions for these phases are shown to behave differently, joining at an apparent phase transition point.Comment: 17pages, 15 figure

Dietary and fluid adherence in iranian hemodialysis patients

Adherence to fluid restrictions and dietary and medication guidelines is important for adequate management of hemodialysis (HD) patients. This study aimed at assessing the factors suggestive of adherence in uremic patients on HD. Two hundred HD patients were recruited by census method. Data on blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum potassium and phosphate levels, and interdialytic weight gain (IWG) were collected from medical records and analyzed. Most of the patients (56) did not adhere to fluid restrictions. Nonadherence to phosphate, potassium, and BUN levels was 25.5, 5.5, and 4.5, respectively. In addition, there was a relationship between BUN, serum potassium and phosphate levels, and IWG with educational status (p � .05). However, there was no correlation between BUN, serum potassium and phosphate levels, and IWG with sex, age, financial status, marital status, and duration of dialysis (p > .05). Based on the results, most of the patients adhered to dietary and medication regimens. Educational level of the patients was associated with adherence to fluid restriction. It was concluded that dietary compliance may be improved by using dietary counseling techniques and that education motivates patients to change and comply with dietary recommendations. © 2010 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Removing phenanthrene by polyethersulfone/graphene oxide-titanum dioxide membrane

Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of three benzene rings. The name phenanthrene is a composite of phenyl and anthracene. In its pure form, it is found in cigarette smoke and is a known irritant, photosensitizing skin and industrial wastewater. GO, TiO2 and GO-TiO2 were characterized by Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The modified membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX) analysis, Atomic-Force Microscopy (AFM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and contact angel. The current study is aimed to use tween 80 as surfactant for investigating the effectiveness of permeate phenanthrene (PHE) on the polyethrfsulfone (PES) membrane and the effect of loading GO-TiO2 on hydrophilicity and antifouling. The results showed decreasing surface pore size from 147 to 77 and increasing porosity from 81 to 88 with loading GO-TiO2, and the permeate of membrane increased from 30 to 190 (L/m2 · hr·bar) with loading GO-TiO2. In addition, the results of current study showed that by increasing GO-TiO2 nanohybrides to 0.03 Wt to polymer matrix contact angel decreased from 68.2 to 18 degree but hydrophilicity of membranes increased. All of above results mentioned fouling of hybride membrane decreased than usual form. Therefore, hybride membranes of (GO-TiO2) with the help of tween 80 as surfactant may be considered as a suitable membrane for treatment of phenanthrene. © 2017 by American Scientific Publishers. All rights reserved