Full characterization of vibrational coherence in a porphyrin chromophore by two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy

In this work we present experimental and calculated two-dimensional electronic spectra for a 5,15-bisalkynyl porphyrin chromophore. The lowest energy electronic Qy transition couples mainly to a single 380 cm–1 vibrational mode. The two-dimensional electronic spectra reveal diagonal and cross peaks which oscillate as a function of population time. We analyze both the amplitude and phase distribution of this main vibronic transition as a function of excitation and detection frequencies. Even though Feynman diagrams provide a good indication of where the amplitude of the oscillating components are located in the excitation-detection plane, other factors also affect this distribution. Specifically, the oscillation corresponding to each Feynman diagram is expected to have a phase that is a function of excitation and detection frequencies. Therefore, the overall phase of the experimentally observed oscillation will reflect this phase dependence. Another consequence is that the overall oscillation amplitude can show interference patterns resulting from overlapping contributions from neighboring Feynman diagrams. These observations are consistently reproduced through simulations based on third order perturbation theory coupled to a spectral density described by a Brownian oscillator model

Attitudes and burden in relatives of patients with schizophrenia in a middle income country

BACKGROUND: Most studies of family attitudes and burden have been conducted in developed countries. Thus it is important to test the generalizability of this research in other contexts where social conditions and extended family involvement may be different. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the attitudes of caregivers and the burden they experience in such a context, namely Arica, a town located in the northernmost region of Chile, close to the border with Peru and Bolivia. METHODS: We assessed attitudes towards schizophrenia (including affective, cognitive and behavioural components) and burden (including subjective distress, rejection and competence) in 41 main caregivers of patients with schizophrenia, all of whom were users of Public Mental Health Services in Arica. RESULTS: Attitude measures differed significantly according to socio-demographic variables, with parents (mainly mothers) exhibiting a more negative attitude towards the environment than the rest of the family (t = 4.04; p = 0.000).This was also the case for caregivers with a low educational level (t = 3.27; p < 0.003), for the oldest caregivers (r = 0.546; p = 0.000) and for those who had spent more time with the patient (r = 0.377; p = 0.015). Although attitudes had significant association with burden, their explanatory power was modest (R2 = .104, F = 4,55; p = .039). CONCLUSIONS: Similar to finding developed countries, the current study revealed a positive and significant relationship between the attitudes of caregivers and their burden. These findings emphasize the need to support the families of patients with schizophrenia in this social context

Vlijanie razlichnykh sistem soderzhanija na rezul'taty otkorma molodnjaka cherno-belojj porody i gibridov (sh x chb, lim x chb, chb x pc)

Eperience was performed on 80 individuals of the young cattle weighing approximately 200 kg. The animals were feeding with farm - food. Fattening was continued untill up 450 kg and 400 kg body weight attaining by the bulls and heifers respectively. The influence of keeping systems: tied and free-stall on the fattening process was slight. Average daily gains of tied, animals (849,5 g) were slightly higher than gains of the freestall kept animals (837,8 g). The fodder utilization and the fattening period length were similar in these two groups. By analyzing the daily gain magnitude a distinct dominance of crossbreds from the charolaise bulls (946,0 g) was found. In compa rison to black-white cattle (849,5 g) crossbreds lim x cb attained similar gains (810,8 g) however cb x pc crossbreds were characterized by lower gains (768,3 g).Опытом было охвачено 80 животных при среднем весе 200 кг. Они были на государственном корме. Откорм бычков проводился до прироста живого веса 450 кг и телок 400 кг нетто. Влияние систем содержания: привязного и свободного на прирост был незначительный. Суточный прирост привязных животных (849,5 г) был незначительно выше прироста содержавшихся свободно (830,8 г). Использование кормов и длительности откорма были близкими. Анализ величины суточного прироста животных в каждой породной группе подтвердил очевидные преимущества гибридов от быков шероле. По сравнению с чёрно-белой породой гибриды с участием породы лимузин получили о 37,7 меньшие приросты, в то время гибриды чб х пц показали низшие приросты

Vlijanie skarmlivanija silosa poluchennogo iz trav, razlichno udobrennykh azotom, na nekotorye pokazateli otkorma i zdorov'e bychkov chevno-belojj porody

The fattening and analysis of results of metabolic transformations activity and of differences in blood components of 44 bulls were performed. The animals were fed with silage made of herbs fertilized with nitrogen in different degree and silage with addition of beet pulp and small amount of concentrates. The build were fattened in four groups according to nitrogenic fertilizing combinations : gr. I - 60 kg N/ha, gr. II - 180 kg B/ha, gr. III - 360 kg N/ha, gr. IV - 360 kg N/ha + Mg. The most effective fattening was that with silage made of pastural restores descended from soil fertilized with 360 kg N/ha with magnesium addition (gr. IV). The daily average gain of bulls from this group was 988,0 g. The least gain was found in bulls from gr. II - 825,3 g. The values of hematological and biochemical blood indicators for bulls from all the groups were contained in the limits of physiological norms accepted for healthy young fattening cattle.Произведен откорм и анализ результатов метаболичных перемен и изменение состава крови 44 бычков, откармливаемых силосом, полученным из трав, различно удобренных азотом, и с добавками силоса из свекловичного жома с небольшим количеством комбикорма. Бычки откормли» вались в 4 группах в соответствии с применявшимися комбинациями азотного удобрения: гр. 1 - 60, гр. 2 - 180 и гр. 3 - 360 кг/га, а также гр. 4 - 360 кг/га + Мг. Найболыпий эффект дал откорм бычков пастбищными растениями, полученными при удобрении пастбищ в розмере 360 кг/га с добавлением Мг (гр. 4). Средний суточный прирост бычков из этой группы составил 988,0 г. Наименьший прирост был у бычков 2 группы - 825,3 г. Гематологичние и биохимичние показатели крови бычков всех групп были в границах норм, принятых для здорового откармливаемого молодняка