Human-like machines: Transparency and comprehensibility [Commentary]

AbstractArtificial intelligence algorithms seek inspiration from human cognitive systems in areas where humans outperform machines. But on what level should algorithms try to approximate human cognition? We argue that human-like machines should be designed to make decisions in transparent and comprehensible ways, which can be achieved by accurately mirroring human cognitive processes.</jats:p

Genetic polymorphism and structure of grey wolf (Canis lupus) populations in Eurasia

While the grey wolf would be a top predator in most of Eurasia's terrestrial ecosystems , hunting and environmental transformations have contributed to a strong reduction or eradication of populations over much of this area. Today's protection strategies depend on knowledge of population genetic variability and structure, and our analysis of those characteristics presented here draws on a unique sample set that can offer a comprehensive view of this. Indeed, as far as we know, this is the rst nuclear-based genetic study of wolf populations to encompass the Eurasian continent

L-Carnitine-supplementation in advanced pancreatic cancer (CARPAN) - a randomized multicentre trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cachexia, a >10% loss of body-weight, is one factor determining the poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer. Deficiency of L-Carnitine has been proposed to cause cancer cachexia.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>We screened 152 and enrolled 72 patients suffering from advanced pancreatic cancer in a prospective, multi-centre, placebo-controlled, randomized and double-blinded trial to receive oral L-Carnitine (4 g) or placebo for 12 weeks. At entry patients reported a mean weight loss of 12 ± 2,5 (SEM) kg. During treatment body-mass-index increased by 3,4 ± 1,4% under L-Carnitine and decreased (−1,5 ± 1,4%) in controls (p < 0,05). Moreover, nutritional status (body cell mass, body fat) and quality-of-life parameters improved under L-Carnitine. There was a trend towards an increased overall survival in the L-Carnitine group (median 519 ± 50 d versus 399 ± 43 d, not significant) and towards a reduced hospital-stay (36 ± 4d versus 41 ± 9d,n.s.).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>While these data are preliminary and need confirmation they indicate that patients with pancreatic cancer may have a clinically relevant benefit from the inexpensive and well tolerated oral supplementation of L-Carnitine.</p