Transfer of prisoners under international instruments and domestic legislation : a comparative study

The primary object of this study are international efforts aimed at improving the situation of offenders who serve their sentence abroad. This phenomenon is analysed from legal, social, humanitarian, and statistical points of view. In addition, the author analyses domestic efforts aimed at improving prison conditions and the treatment of foreigners. The book intends to fill a gap in the doctrine and literature of international criminal law by providing a comprehensive and comparative analysis of prisoner transfer schemes. Its crucial part is the discussion of the basic problems underlying prisoner transfer intruments. These include the scope of persons eligible for transfer, conditions for transfer such as the double criminality requirement, the nature and scope of offences underlying conviction, the minimum time remaining to be served, and minimum legal safeguards as well as the procedure for transfer and the systems of adaptation of a foreign sentence to domestic law. In order to answer the question whether it can be held that the old and long lasting rule which barred the enforcement of foreign penal judgments and, accordingly, transfer of sentenced persons has changed, the author discusses prisoner transfer schemes in the context of the system of international cooperation in criminal matters. Other topics of the book are the implementation of international instruments into the domestic legal system and the practice of prisoner transfer

Preparation of epoxy composites modified with poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride) and nanofiller and evaluation of their mechanical properties

Przeprowadzono modyfikację małocząsteczkowej żywicy epoksydowej Epikote 828 za pomocą kopolimeru etylen-bezwodnik maleinowy Et-MA użytego w ilości 1 lub 2% wag w stosunku do masy żywicy oraz montmorylonitu Cloisite 30B dodanego w ilości 1, 2 lub 3% wag w przeliczeniu na masę czystej żywicy. Sporządzono szereg kompozycji o różnej zawartości modyfikatorów. Kompozycje epoksydowe sieciowano przy użyciu aminowego utwardzacza Z1 (trietyleno-tetraamina) w formach stalowych przez 24 godziny, w temperaturze pokojowej, a następnie w ciągu 3 godzin dosieciowywano je w suszarce, w temp. 80°C. Formy pozwalały na otrzymanie próbek o wymiarach wymaganych przy badaniach właściwości mechanicznych. Oceniono właściwości mechaniczne otrzymanych kompozytów: udarność metodą Charpy'ego, korzystając z aparatu Zwick 5012, odporność na trójpunktowe zginanie i krytyczny współczynnik intensywności naprężeń Kc przy użyciu aparatu Zwick Roell. Określono zależność między ocenianymi właściwościami a składem kompozycji. Zaobserwowano poprawę parametrów mechanicznych w przypadku kompozycji modyfikowanych w porównaniu z wynikami uzyskanymi dla czystej, utwardzonej żywicy.The modification of low-molecular weight epoxy resin Epikote 828 was conducted by using 1 and 2% wt of poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride) Et-MA and 1, 2, 3% wt of nanoclay Cloisite 30B. Series of the compositions with various content of these both modifiers were prepared. The epoxy compositions were cured with amine hardener Z1 (triethylenetetraamine) in steel molds during 24 hours at room temperature and then post cured during 3 hours at 80°C. The molds had the required geometries for the mechanical properties measurements. Selected mechanical properties of obtained compositions were evaluated: impact strength by the Charpy method using Zwick 5012 apparatus, bending resistance and resistance to crack propagation using Zwick Roell machine. The relationship between the tested properties and the content of the modifiers in the compositions was discussed. It was observed that the addition of the modifiers resulted in improvement of the mechanical properties of the epoxy resin

Preparation of polymeric hydrogel compositons modified with citric acid and evaluation of their selected properties

Otrzymano szereg biomateriałów hydrożelowych, zawierających w swej strukturze kwas cytrynowy (CA), metodą dwuetapową. W pierwszym etapie przeprowadzano chemiczną modyfikację poli(alkoholu winylowego) (PVA) przy użyciu CA w obecności kwasu p-toluenosulfonowego jako katalizatora. Celem modyfikacji było wprowadzenie do łańcuchów hydrofilowego polimeru sieciujących wiązań i mostków estrowych. W etapie drugim otrzymywano materiały hydrożelowe, bazując m.in. na zmodyfikowanym PVA. Wytwarzano materiały, zawierające przenikające się wzajemnie sieci polimerowe, metodą polimeryzacji rodnikowej kwasu akrylowego i/lub metakrylanu metylu, inicjowanej przy użyciu 2,2'-azobis(izobutyronitrylu) (AIBN), prowadzonej w roztworze wodnym zmodyfikowanego PVA. Zbadano rozpuszczalność sporządzonych materiałów hydrożelowych w wybranych rozpuszczalnikach oraz oceniono ich zdolność do pęcznienia (sorpcji wody) w procesie inkubacji próbek w wodzie destylowanej oraz roztworach NaCI, HCl i mocznika, symulujących płyny fizjologiczne ludzkiego organizmu. Obserwowano szybkość desorpcji wody podczas suszenia próbek w temp. 37°C. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników oceniono, że materiały tego typu mogłyby znaleźć zastosowanie jako hydrożel owe powłoki w technologii leków lub superabsorbenty w wyrobach higienicznych.The series of hydrogel materials containing ciric acid (CA) in their structure were prepared by the two-step route. In the first step the chemical modification of poly(vinyl alcohol) was conducted by using appropriate amount of CA in the presence of p-toluenesulphonic acid as the catalyst. The introduction of the crosslinking ester fragments to the hydrophilic polymer chains was the aim of this modification. In the second step hydrogels on the base of modified PVA were obtained. Materials with interpenetrating polymer networks were prepared during radical polymerization of acrylic acid and/or methyl metacrylate initiated by 2,2 '-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN), conducted in water solution of modified poly(vinyl alcohol). The solubility of prepared hydrogel materials for selected solvents was tested. The swelling ratio ability to sorption of water under soaking the samples of hydrogels in distilled water and NaCl, HCl and urea solutions, simulating physiological liquids of human organism, was examined. The rate of water desorption during the process of hydrogel samples drying at the temperature of 37°C was observed. The obtained results showed that such materials could be used as hydrogel layers in the technology of drugs or as superabsorbents in hygienic products

Non-isocyanate condensate poly(oxybutylene)urethanes as modifiers for epoxide nanocomposites

W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono otrzymywanie bezizocyjanianowych polioksybutylenouretanów kondensacyjnych formowanych z bezwodnych układów. Polimery te otrzymano z dikarbaminianu oligooksybutylenowego PTMG-U i odwodnionego oligomeru MK112 powstałego w reakcji kwasu fenolosulfonowego, mocznika i formaldehydu. Metodą chromatografii żelowej potwierdzono właściwy przebieg reakcji amidowania PTMG. Określono czy warunki utwardzania żywicy epoksydowej mogą być warunkami utwardzania poliuretanowego modyfikatora żywic epoksydowych oraz zbadano wpływ składu surowcowego poliuretanu oraz zawartości wody w oligomerze uretanowym na wskaźniki wytrzymałościowe i strukturę (spektroskopia w podczerwieni - FTIR) polimeru.This paper concerns preparation of non-isocyanate condensation polyurethanes from anhydrous system. These polymers were prepared from oligooxybutylene dicarbamate PTMG-U and MKI12 oligomer. MK112 was prepared from phenolsulphonic acid, urea, and formaldehyde. Reaction of amidation of PTMG-U was monitored by gel chromatography method. Curing conditions of epoxy resins and of polyurethane modifier for them were established and compared. Effect of urethane composition and water content in the product on morphology and strength indexes were determined

Current Diagnosis and Treatment Options for Cutaneous Adnexal Neoplasms with Follicular Differentiation

Neoplasms derived from follicular tissue are extremely rare. Clinically, they are reported as non-symptomatic, slow-growing nodules. These lesions are mainly benign, but the malignant type can occur. Mainly middle-aged people (50–60 years of age) are affected. These carcinomas are mainly localized on the head and neck or torso. They can be locally aggressive and infiltrate surrounding tissue and metastasize to regional lymph nodes. In the minority of cases, distant metastases are diagnosed. Quick and relevant diagnosis is the basis of a treatment for all types of tumors. The patient’s life expectancy depends on multiple prognostic factors, including the primary tumor size and its mitotic count. Patients should be referred to a specialized skin cancer center to receive optimal multidisciplinary treatment. This article tries to summarize all the information that is currently available about pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment methods of follicular tumors

Raman spectroscopy and the material study of nanocomposite membranes from poly(ε-caprolactone) with biocompatibility testing in osteoblast-like cells

Modern medical treatment can be improved by nanotechnology methods for preparing nanocomposites with novel physical, chemical and biological properties. The materials studied and analysed as membranes were produced from poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), which contained identical amounts of nano-additives, either montmorillonite (MMT) or functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-f), while the reference membranes were obtained from unmodified PCL. In addition to the conventional methods used in the study of materials for medical purposes such as DSC, contact angle measurements, surface topography, Raman spectroscopy was also applied. Raman microspectroscopy can decode the phenomenon that occurs in the polymer in contact with the nanoparticles. Besides identifying the vibrations of certain functional groups, the calculation of crystallinity parameters is also possible, by which the most intense interactions within the nanocomposites can be analysed. The Raman studies indicate that each of the nano-additives reacts differently with the polymer matrix, which results in material properties that influence its biological properties. MWCNT-f interacts preferentially with the oxygen-containing groups, and particularly with the backbone regions in the vicinity of the single CO bond. The human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells, cultured on the PCL/MWCNT-f membrane for three days, show almost 100% viability

Myocarditis Induced by Immunotherapy in Metastatic Melanoma—Review of Literature and Current Guidelines

Immunotherapy is a widely used treatment modality in oncology. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, as a part of immunotherapy, caused a revolution in oncology, especially in melanoma therapy, due to the significant prolongation of patients’ overall survival. These drugs act by activation of inhibited immune responses of T lymphocytes against cancer cells. The mechanism responsible for the therapy’s high efficacy is also involved in immune tolerance of the patient’s own tissues. The administration of ICI therapy to a patient can cause severe immune reactions against non-neoplastic cells. Among them, cardiotoxicity seems most important due to the high mortality rate. In this article, we present the history of a 79 year-old patient diagnosed with melanoma who died due to myocarditis induced by ICI therapy, despite the fast administration of recommended immunosuppressive therapy, as an illustration of possible adverse events of ICI. Additionally, we summarize the mechanism, risk factors, biomarkers, and clinical data from currently published guidelines and studies about ICI-related myocarditis. The fast recognition of this fatal adverse effect of therapy may accelerate the rapid introduction of treatment and improve patients’ outcomes