TAUTOMERIC TRANSITIONS WITH PHOTO-INDUCED EFFECTS USING LASER BEAM OBSERVED IN ANTIBIOTIC ERYTHROMYCIN - ESTOLATE

:The photo transitions of Erythromycin 2-propionate dodecyl sulphate (C40H71NO14, C12H26O4S) using Nitrogen Laser beam have been studied at different periods of time. Different techniques have been used to analyze and identify final products. The results showed that photo transitions of Erythromycin - Estolate which measured by conductivity initially increased and then decreased with time especially at high pulse rate. While pH showed a different behavior and initially there was reduction in pH values by increasing the pulse rate. The kinetic study indicated that the rate of reaction is of the second-order type . The qualitative identification showed that the final products were; • First: 6-(4-Dimethylamino-3-O-propionyl –6-methyl- tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-14-ethyl-4-(5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethy-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyl-oxacyclotetradeca-2,10-dione-7,12,13-propaniol dodecyl sulphate.• Second: 6-(4-Dimethylamino-3-O-propionyl –6-methyl- tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-14-ethyl-4-(5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethy-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyl-oxacyclotetradeca-2,9-diene-2,7,10,12,13-pentaol dodecyl sulphate. The final products showed an existaence of enol group through a tautomerism reaction of keto enol

Enzymes: Differences between a Biologists and a Chemists Perspective

The interdependence of the development of thought and practice in the present scientific study of living organisms and of chemical substance that constitute their anatomical structures are widely acknowledged but often derided. One such interdependence exists between biology and chemistry. These interplays are particularly evident in the development of chemical and biological knowledge that has influenced the chemical study of enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids and their biological role in such processes as fermentation, respiration, photosynthesis, motion, metabolic change, and expression of hereditary characters, and the regulation of physiological pathways. Furthermore fields such as biochemistry and molecular biology have emerged as major scientific disciplines from the interplay of chemical and biological ideas and practice. Throughout the interplay professional biologists and chemists have frequently studied the same problem at the same time, but with different preconceptions, different methods and have described the same discoveries from different perspectives. This experiment involves the interviewing of biologists and chemists and asking them to design an experiment that involves enzymes. To observe the different perspective biologists and chemists have of the same enzyme, all participants are given the same enzyme and a set of conditions and are asked to design an experiment and hypothesize outcomes. Based on the responses a deeper understanding of how biologists and chemists study enzymes in search of not only understanding the nature of enzymes but also in how they differ in the way they search for an enzymes use in development of treatments for diseases

Carbon footprints across the food supply chain: A microscopic review on food waste-related sustainability assessment

Reducing the carbon footprint along the food supply chain neutralizes the cost of climate change-related impacts on the environment. A third of the food produced globally is wasted along the food value chain. This paper presents a microscopic review covering studies related to carbon footprint analysis across the food industry. The review focuses on the critical aspects of lifecycle-based techniques across the food supply chain, namely, a) calculating the amount of food waste/loss b) evaluating and quantifying the environmental impacts associated with food waste accumulation along the value chain and, c) identifying the stages along the value chain that contribute potentially to the food waste-related emissions and environmental impacts. The results show food waste in terms of mass does not necessarily indicate the food waste-related impact. Although animal-containing products have relatively low waste in terms of mass, they contribute significantly to the food waste-related impact, explicitly affecting global warming potential. This paper's outcomes support food waste-related sustainability assessment and transition to a circular food supply chain.Scopu

Durable Responses Observed with JAK Inhibition in T-Cell Lymphomas

Abstract Introduction: The JAK/STAT pathway is frequently activated in peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) and cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCLs) however the utility of JAK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in these diseases is not known. We hypothesize that JAK/STAT pathway alteration (defined by elevated phospho-STAT3 (pSTAT3) expression or presence of JAK or STAT mutations) will predict for sensitivity to JAK inhibition in PTCL and CTCL. We are conducting a phase II study of ruxolitinib, a JAK1/2 inhibitor, in which we assess its efficacy in a cohort of patients (pts) with PTCL and CTCL enriched for JAK/STAT pathway alterations. Methods: This is an investigator-initiated multi-center phase II study evaluating the efficacy of ruxolitinib 20mg twice daily in PTCL and CTCL. Pts with relapsed or refractory (rel/ref) PTCL or CTCL following at least 1 systemic therapy are eligible to enroll onto one of three of the following cohorts: Cohort 1: Disease determined to have JAK or STAT mutations. Cohort 2: Disease with functional evidence of JAK/STAT activation (defined as ≥ 30% pSTAT3 expression by immunohistochemistry). Cohort 3: Disease does not meet criteria for cohort 1 or 2. Pts initially enrolled onto cohort 3 and determined to have JAK/STAT mutations or functional JAK/STAT activation after enrollment are moved to cohorts 1 or 2. Cohorts 1, 2, and 3 are enrolling up to 17, 17 and 18 pts respectively by Simon 2-stage design. Pts receive treatment until progression and are assessed for response to therapy after cycles 2, 5 and every three cycles thereafter. Results: The first stage has been completed for cohorts 1 and 3 and 33 out of planned 52 pts enrolled to date. Details regarding histology, mutations, and treatment course appear in the table and figure. For Cohort 1, 10 out of planned 17 pts enrolled. Mutations involved JAK1 (1), JAK3 (3), STAT3 (4), and STAT5B (4). Out of 8 evaluable pts, overall response rate (ORR) was 38% with 3 partial responses (PR). In addition, 3 pts have ongoing stable disease (SD) lasting 8-18 months. Altogether, 75% achieved clinical benefit (objective response or SD >6 months). For Cohort 2, 5 out of planned 17 pts enrolled. Among the 5 evaluable pts, ORR was 40% with 1 complete response (CR) and 1 PR. For Cohort 3, 18 pts out of planned 18 pts enrolled. Out of 14 evaluable pts, ORR was 21% with 3 PRs. Grade 3 or higher drug-related adverse events (AEs) observed among the 33 pts enrolled included anemia (4), neutropenia (7), thrombocytopenia (2), and lymphopenia (7). Treatment related serious adverse events (SAEs) included 1 episode each of HSV-1 stomatitis, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, febrile neutropenia, and herpes zoster. Conclusion: Responses observed across all three cohorts of pts with PTCL and CTCL with a trend towards higher rates and more durable responses among pts with JAK/STAT alterations. Efficacy of ruxolitinib in PTCL and CTCL provides proof of concept that JAK/STAT activation is a viable target in T-cell lymphomas. Enrollment onto cohorts 1 and 2 and assessment for JAK/STAT alternations among pts in cohort 3 continues. Figure. Figure. Disclosures Moskowitz: Incyte: Research Funding; ADC Therapeutics: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Bristol Myers-Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Takeda: Honoraria. Jacobsen:Merck: Consultancy; AstraZeneca: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy. Weinstock:Travera: Equity Ownership; Astra Zeneca, JAX, Samumed, Regeneron, Sun Pharma, Prescient: Patents & Royalties; Novartis, Dragonfly, Travera, DxTerity, Travera: Consultancy; Novartis, Astra Zeneca, Abbvie, Aileron, Surface Oncology, Daiichi Sankyo: Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Genentech/Roche, Monsanto: Consultancy. Horwitz:Aileron Therapeutics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Portola: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Spectrum: Research Funding; Kyowa-Hakka-Kirin: Consultancy, Research Funding; Infinity/Verastem: Consultancy, Research Funding; Innate Pharma: Consultancy; Trillium: Consultancy; Forty Seven: Consultancy, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Mundipharma: Consultancy; Millennium/Takeda: Consultancy, Research Funding; Corvus: Consultancy

Optimizing university campus shuttle bus congestion focusing on system effectiveness and reliability: A combined modeling based-routing approach

Increased vehicular queuing inside universities has amounted to pressing concerns for staff and students, distorting their time schedules to reach classes and office buildings on time. This paper attempts to alter the traditional transportation service behavior within university campuses to reduce traffic congestions and facilitate system effectiveness and reliability through a modeling-based routing and optimization approach. A qualitative conceptual model using a system thinking approach identifies the relationships and feedback between university shuttle bus system effectiveness, service performance, and traffic congestion. A bi-objective goal programming optimization model is developed and used to select the best alternative routes for university shuttle bus services during congested peak hours considering a continuous-circulation feeder mode. Qatar University shuttle bus service network is taken as the case for model implementation. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to verify the daily bus capacity, ensuring that the chosen alternative routes met the expected demand. A sensitivity analysis was then conducted to identify the most sensitive bus stops along the best-selected routes. Results showed that the proposed alternative routes improved the system effectiveness by 75% and the alternative proposed routes satisfied the stations? daily demand.Scopu

Growth studies and physical characterizations of Pb-Se-Te epilayers grown by H.W.E.

The deposition process of IV- VI semiconductors is studied in order to determine optimal conditions of evaporation. A thermodynamical model of the growth is proposed and its use explained in HWE applications. Using these results, epitaxial thin films have been achieved on BaF2 and Si substrates in all the composition range from PbSe to PbTe. The epilayers obtained were then characterized by Xray diffraction, Auger spectroscopy, SEM observations and electrical measurements. An optical study from 4.2 to 300K is finally presented and the energy band gap dependence versus composition and temperature has been established