Estimating Indigenous housing need for public funding allocation: a multi-measure approach

This paper advocates a multi-measure approach to Indigenous housing need for the purposes of public funding allocation. It has been developed from three reports examining Indigenous housing need undertaken in 1998 and 1999. The first part of the paper elaborates on the context in which those reports were undertaken, including the concerns of Indigenous people in southern/urban areas that some dimensions of their needs were not being captured by earlier exercises emphasising bedroom need measures. It outlines our multi-measure approach intended to pick up on some of these other dimensions of housing need. The second section of the paper reports on homelessness, overcrowding, and affordability need measures in different parts of Australia, as estimated from the 1996 Census. It finds that these measures do have very different geographic distributions, thus vindicating the concerns of southern/urban Indigenous people. This section also costs the homelessness, overcrowding and affordability measures of housing need for Indigenous Australians in different parts of Australia in comparable terms. The third section of the paper examines the incidence of these three need measures across different housing tenures, from owning and buying to private, public and community rental. These too are costed in comparable terms. The fourth section of the paper compares Indigenous and non-Indigenous housing need according to the homelessness, overcrowding and affordability measures using data from the 1996 Census. The fifth section examines Indigenous housing need as measured from the 1991 and 1996 Censuses. The final section of this paper reflects on some limits and limitations of allocating Indigenous housing funding according to need, even with a multi-measure approach. It notes several other dimensions of housing need in which we have not yet been able to estimate nationwide measures. It notes the policy paradox that some measures of need may go up, while others, through policy intervention, go down. Also it notes that the standards used in this needs analysis are drawn from non-Indigenous social circumstances and may not reflect the aspirations or values of all Indigenous Australians. Finally it notes that to fund always on the basis of need may, over time, be to penalise those who are doing best at addressing need and reward those who are not. Some countervailing principle of public funding allocation on the basis of 'capacity to deliver' may also be required

Estimating Indigenous housing need for public funding allocation: A multi-measure approach

This paper advocates a multi-measure approach to Indigenous housing need for the purposes of public funding allocation. It has been developed from three reports examining Indigenous housing need undertaken in 1998 and 1999. The first part of the paper elaborates on the context in which those reports were undertaken, including the concerns of Indigenous people in southern/urban areas that some dimensions of their needs were not being captured by earlier exercises emphasising bedroom need measures. It outlines our multi-measure approach intended to pick up on some of these other dimensions of housing need. The second section of the paper reports on homelessness, overcrowding, and affordability need measures in different parts of Australia, as estimated from the 1996 Census. It finds that these measures do have very different geographic distributions, thus vindicating the concerns of southern/urban Indigenous people. This section also costs the homelessness, overcrowding and affordability measures of housing need for Indigenous Australians in different parts of Australia in comparable terms. The third section of the paper examines the incidence of these three need measures across different housing tenures, from owning and buying to private, public and community rental. These too are costed in comparable terms. The fourth section of the paper compares Indigenous and non-Indigenous housing need according to the homelessness, overcrowding and affordability measures using data from the 1996 Census. The fifth section examines Indigenous housing need as measured from the 1991 and 1996 Censuses. The final section of this paper reflects on some limits and limitations of allocating Indigenous housing funding according to need, even with a multi-measure approach. It notes several other dimensions of housing need in which we have not yet been able to estimate nationwide measures. It notes the policy paradox that some measures of need may go up, while others, through policy intervention, go down. Also it notes that the standards used in this needs analysis are drawn from non-Indigenous social circumstances and may not reflect the aspirations or values of all Indigenous Australians. Finally it notes that to fund always on the basis of need may, over time, be to penalise those who are doing best at addressing need and reward those who are not. Some countervailing principle of public funding allocation on the basis of 'capacity to deliver' may also be required

The management factor in farming

A survey was undertaken to measure the success of a group of farmers and from it develop an index of management efficiency. The purpose of the survey was to observe and attempt to rate farmers on those personal factors which could possibly influence or be associated with management efficiency. From the observations made, the author was able to draw conclusions as to which personal factors are associated with management efficiency and show how the data collected support the conclusions reached. Previous studies of factors affecting management efficiency have largely neglected personal factors. In the Rotorua area serviceman settlement has resulted in a number of farms which, because of the elimination of many important variables, are particularly suitable, both for the measurement of success from accounts and for the assessment of the personal factor in an interview

Outcome of pregnancy after the mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum

AbstractObjectives. This study examined the outcome of pregnancy in patients with transposition of the great arteries and an intact ventricular septum after a Mustard operation.Background. Before the introduction of surgical treatment, most children with transposition of the great arteries died in early infancy. A number of these patients have now reached their reproductive years. There is little information about the effect of pregnancy on cardiovascular status, particularly the ability of the right ventricle to adjust to the hemodynamic changes of pregnancy. The outcome for the offspring and their risk of congenital heart disease are also unknown.Methods. Twenty-three female late survivors after the Mustard operation >15 years of age were reviewed in relation to the occurrence of pregnancy and its outcome. Serial echocardiographic estimates of right ventricular volume during pregnancy were made in three local patients.Results. Nine women had 15 pregnancies. They were asymptomatic before pregnancy and remained free from cardiac symptoms during each pregnancy. Right ventricular volume in the three patients studied increased during pregnancy but returned to normal at 8 to 11 weeks postpartum. There were 12 live births, 2 spontaneous abortions and 1 intrauterine death. None of the liveborn infants had evidence of congenital heart disease.Conclusions. In this small group of women with good quality late survival after a Mustard operation, pregnancy was well tolerated. We suspect that the incidence of congenital heart disease in infants of mothers with transposition of the great arteries will be at the lower end of the range for mothers with different types of congenital heart disease, but further data will be needed to confirm this

Biomolecular imaging and electronic damage using X-ray free-electron lasers

Proposals to determine biomolecular structures from diffraction experiments using femtosecond X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses involve a conflict between the incident brightness required to achieve diffraction-limited atomic resolution and the electronic and structural damage induced by the illumination. Here we show that previous estimates of the conditions under which biomolecular structures may be obtained in this manner are unduly restrictive, because they are based on a coherent diffraction model that is not appropriate to the proposed interaction conditions. A more detailed imaging model derived from optical coherence theory and quantum electrodynamics is shown to be far more tolerant of electronic damage. The nuclear density is employed as the principal descriptor of molecular structure. The foundations of the approach may also be used to characterize electrodynamical processes by performing scattering experiments on complex molecules of known structure.Comment: 16 pages, 2 figure

Lipidic cubic phase serial millisecond crystallography using synchrotron radiation.

Lipidic cubic phases (LCPs) have emerged as successful matrixes for the crystallization of membrane proteins.Moreover, the viscous LCP also provides a highly effective delivery medium for serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). Here, the adaptation of this technology to perform serial millisecond crystallography (SMX) at more widely available synchrotron microfocus beamlines is described. Compared with conventional microcrystallography, LCP-SMX eliminates the need for difficult handling of individual crystals and allows for data collection at room temperature. The technology is demonstrated by solving a structure of the light-driven protonpump bacteriorhodopsin (bR) at a resolution of 2.4 A ° . The room-temperature structure of bR is very similar to previous cryogenic structures but shows small yet distinct differences in the retinal ligand and proton-transfer pathway

Coherent X-ray Diffractive Imaging; applications and limitations

The inversion of a diffraction pattern offers aberration-free diffraction-limited 3D images without the resolution and depth-of-field limitations of lens-based tomographic systems, the only limitation being radiation damage. We review our experimental results, discuss the fundamental limits of this technique and future plans.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figure

X-ray image reconstruction from a diffraction pattern alone

A solution to the inversion problem of scattering would offer aberration-free diffraction-limited 3D images without the resolution and depth-of-field limitations of lens-based tomographic systems. Powerful algorithms are increasingly being used to act as lenses to form such images. Current image reconstruction methods, however, require the knowledge of the shape of the object and the low spatial frequencies unavoidably lost in experiments. Diffractive imaging has thus previously been used to increase the resolution of images obtained by other means. We demonstrate experimentally here a new inversion method, which reconstructs the image of the object without the need for any such prior knowledge.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, improved figures and captions, changed titl