Predictors and their domain for statistical downscaling of climate in Bangladesh

Reliable projection of future rainfall in Bangladesh is very important for the assessment of possible impacts of climate change and implementation of necessary adaptation and mitigation measures. Statistical downscaling methods are widely used for downscaling coarse resolution general circulation model (GCM) output at local scale. Selection of predictors and their spatial domain is very important to facilitate downscaling future climate projected by GCMs. The present paper reports the finding of the study conducted to identify the GCM predictors and demarcate their climatic domain for statistical downscaling in Bangladesh at local or regional scale. Twenty-six large scale atmospheric variables which are widely simulated GCM predictors from 45 grid points around the country were analysed using various statistical methods for this purpose. The study reveals that large-scale atmospheric variables at the grid points located in the central-west part of Bangladesh have the highest influence on rainfall. It is expected that the finding of the study will help different meteorological and agricultural organizations of Bangladesh to project rainfall and temperature at local scale in order to provide various agricultural or hydrological services

Effects of El Nino Southern Oscillation on the Discharge of Kor River in Iran

The objective of the study was to investigate the El Nino forcing on the discharge of Kor River located in Maharloo-Bakhtegan basin in the Fars province of Iran. Thirty-one-year (1965-1995) and twenty-year (1975-1995) monthly mean river discharge data recorded at two stations, namely, Chamriz and Dehkadeh-Sefid, respectively, were chosen in the present study. Fourier analysis was used to extract harmonic information of time series data such as amplitude and phase angle to show the maximum effect and the time of effect of El Nino on river discharge. The study revealed that El Nino events caused increase of discharge in Kor River by 15% to 20% and the maximum influence was in the months of February and March in El Nino year

GIS integration of hydrogeological and geoelectrical data for groundwater potential modeling in the western part of greater Kushtia district of Bangladesh

Geographical Information System (GIS) has been used in this paper to delineate groundwater resources potential in the western part of greater Kushtia district of Bangladesh, where urgent attention for augmentation of irrigation water supply is required. Thematic maps of transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, net recharge, aquifer thickness, surface water bodies, aquifer resistivity, overburden aquitard thickness and its resistivity have been prepared and assigned weight according to their relative importance using Analytical Hierarchical Process for the preparation of groundwater potential model. Since the values within each thematic map vary significantly, they are classified into various ranges or types and assigned ratings. Finally, the thematic maps are integrated using GIS to prepare the groundwater potential map for the study area in terms of Ground Water Potential Index (GWPI). The evolved map indicates that 22.51% of the study area have GWPI more than 0.70 and therefore, have excellent prospective for exploitation. About 69.12% of the area with GWPI ranging from 0.50 to 0.70 is also quite promising for groundwater abstraction, while the rest 8.37% area having GWPI below 0.50 indicates moderate potential. The obtained map of groundwater potential is found in good agreement with the yields of available pumping test data

The relationship between sense of coherence, theists and mental tension in physical education department city of Ilam

Sense of coherence, feeling that the whole person orientation and continuous and pervasive sense of confidence and dynamism in their lives and the world around him shows. In the most general sense theism believe there are one God and Goddess and mental tension and pressure means and the driving force of the tension. The research is an applied descriptive and correlational scrolling. The study population consisted of employees city of Ham Physical Education Department, the number 60 was chosen as samples. To collect data, questionnaires affinity, theists and mental tension were used. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21 Software. Finally, the research hypotheses were examined by Spearman test and regression. The findings suggest that there is no significant relationship between sense of coherence and psychological tension but there is a significant positive relationship between sense of coherence and theism. It can be concluded that feel understood and felt being managed can increase a person's sense of theism and thus have a positive and significant relationship between sense of coherence and theism together. © Medwell Journals, 2016

Interference and inefficiency of water wells: a constrain of water conservation in Bangladesh

Sustainability of groundwater use for irrigation is becoming a vital concern in Bangladesh due to declination of groundwater level and escalation of irrigation cost. Groundwater exploitation in an unplanned way is considered as one of the major causes of inefficiency in groundwater abstraction. The objective of the current research is to provide a guideline of water well location planning in order to improve well efficiency and reduce irrigation cost in Bangladesh. For this purpose, systematic hydrogeological studies relating to aquifer properties, well properties, and actual location of water wells have been evaluated in a water-stressed region located in northwest Bangladesh. The results revealed that the area is potential of bulk groundwater exploitation. The well efficiency values were found to vary between 98 and 46% depending on the geology of the area. Lower efficiency values indicate that the design and well construction procedures were improper and need to be improved to obtain desired discharge. Most of the wells were interfered with each others, ultimately reduce the optimum discharge. This study concluded that the wells should be installed at least 2.5 and 1.4 km distance apart in the floodplain and Barind area, respectively, in order to avoid economic loss

Groundwater dynamics and balance in the western part of greater Kushtia district of Bangladesh

Groundwater dynamics and balance have been studied for the assessment of groundwater abstraction status in the western part of grater Kushtia district, Bangladesh using data from 28 groundwater level monitoring wells, 180 lithologs, and one rainfall station for the period 2001-2007. The groundwater levels in the study area were found to vary at a depth between 0.0 m and 9.34 m. During peak season of groundwater abstraction (pre-monsoon), the maximum and minimum groundwater level with respect to mean sea level (MSL) were found to vary from 9.36 to 11.3 m and 2.3 to 4.9 m, respectively, whereas in post-monsoon these values were found to vary from 13.2 to 15.6 m and 7.6 to 9.6 m, respectively. The groundwater flow in the area was driven by topography, directed from the northwest to the southeast. This study revealed a declining trend in groundwater table both in pre- and post-monsoon seasons in the area. It has also been noticed that the rate of declination is increasing with time. The volumetric analysis of groundwater also showed a net negative balance, which indicates overexploitation of groundwater. The study concluded that the unsustainable utilization of groundwater resources in the study area has caused depletion in groundwater table

Exposure to GDNF Enhances the Ability of Enteric Neural Progenitors to Generate an Enteric Nervous System

Cell therapy is a promising approach to generate an enteric nervous system (ENS) and treat enteric neuropathies. However, for translation to the clinic, it is highly likely that enteric neural progenitors will require manipulation prior to transplantation to enhance their ability to migrate and generate an ENS. In this study, we examine the effects of exposure to several factors on the ability of ENS progenitors, grown as enteric neurospheres, to migrate and generate an ENS. Exposure to glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) resulted in a 14-fold increase in neurosphere volume and a 12-fold increase in cell number. Following co-culture with embryonic gut or transplantation into the colon of postnatal mice in vivo, cells derived from GDNF-treated neurospheres showed a 2-fold increase in the distance migrated compared with controls. Our data show that the ability of enteric neurospheres to generate an ENS can be enhanced by exposure to appropriate factors

Simulation of nitrate transport and fate in groundwater in presence of kaolin

It has been found that aquifers containing clay particles possess a natural capacity of pollution attenuation and thereby are able to mitigate the effects of contamination.The main objective of this study was to simulate nitrate (NO3) movement and fate in porous media in presence of clay kaolin using a numerical and physical model in order to estimate the pollution attenuation capacity of kaolin. A noncommercial solute transport model known as Ground Water Key (GWK) was used to simulate NO3 concentration in an idealized physical model for this purpose. Nitrate polluted water at level 112.5 mg NO3 L–1 was introduced to the porous media of the physical model for experimental data collection and validation of numerical simulation by GWK.The results revealed that the GWK model can estimate NO3 concentration with a high level of accuracy in porous media in presence of kaolin. Nitrate concentrations in porous media and the dispersion coefficient were found to be sensitive to initial NO3 concentration.The results also revealed that kaolin can retain NO3 and thus is able to reduce NO3 pollution by approximately one-third. It is expected that the study results can be helpful in groundwater monitoring and protection