THE MICROSCOPIC DETECTION OF ANIMAL PROTEINS IN FEEDS

Životinjske bjelančevine, dobiveni od termički obrađenih životinjskih nusproizvoda podrijetlom od kopnenih sisavaca, peradi ili riba, zbog svoje hranjive vrijednosti, često se koriste kao dodatak krmnim smjesama. Sitne strukture nekih organa vidljive su mikroskopski pod različitim povećanjima. Mikroskopski u krmivima možemo identificirati dijelove kosti, mišića, hrskavice, dlake, perje, ljuske od jaja, riblje ljuske i ligamente. Dijelove mekih tkiva i kože najčešće ne možemo identificirati zbog termičke obrade u kafilerijama. Uvođenje mikroskopske metode u rutinsku laboratorijsku pretragu za identifikaciju životinjskih tkiva u krmivima, nužna je zbog bolesti goveđe spongiformne encefalopatije (GSE) i njene povezanosti s uporabom i hranidbom životinja životinjskim bjelančevinama.Additional animal proteins in feeds because of their edibility, is by adding ground slaughter by-products originating either from ruminants, poultry or fish. This means that fine structures are visible after microscopic inspection at different magnification. The principal particles of animal origin that might be present in feeds are bones, muscle fibres, cartilage, hairs, feather filaments, egg shells, fish scales and ligaments. Parts from organs, skin and other soft tissues are generally absent, because of their denaturation after sterilisation. The need of this identification is based on the prohibition on adding animal proteins to feeds intended for farm animals therefore a connection between appearance of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and feeding animals with animal proteins

THE MICROSCOPIC DETECTION OF ANIMAL PROTEINS IN FEEDS

Životinjske bjelančevine, dobiveni od termički obrađenih životinjskih nusproizvoda podrijetlom od kopnenih sisavaca, peradi ili riba, zbog svoje hranjive vrijednosti, često se koriste kao dodatak krmnim smjesama. Sitne strukture nekih organa vidljive su mikroskopski pod različitim povećanjima. Mikroskopski u krmivima možemo identificirati dijelove kosti, mišića, hrskavice, dlake, perje, ljuske od jaja, riblje ljuske i ligamente. Dijelove mekih tkiva i kože najčešće ne možemo identificirati zbog termičke obrade u kafilerijama. Uvođenje mikroskopske metode u rutinsku laboratorijsku pretragu za identifikaciju životinjskih tkiva u krmivima, nužna je zbog bolesti goveđe spongiformne encefalopatije (GSE) i njene povezanosti s uporabom i hranidbom životinja životinjskim bjelančevinama.Additional animal proteins in feeds because of their edibility, is by adding ground slaughter by-products originating either from ruminants, poultry or fish. This means that fine structures are visible after microscopic inspection at different magnification. The principal particles of animal origin that might be present in feeds are bones, muscle fibres, cartilage, hairs, feather filaments, egg shells, fish scales and ligaments. Parts from organs, skin and other soft tissues are generally absent, because of their denaturation after sterilisation. The need of this identification is based on the prohibition on adding animal proteins to feeds intended for farm animals therefore a connection between appearance of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and feeding animals with animal proteins

Wild boars (Sus scrofa) as reservoirs of Brucellasuis biovar 2 in Croatia

This work presents the results of findings for brucellosis in wild boars and domestic swine in two regions of Croatia. In the region of Djakovo the blood samples of 211 wild boars were analysed and in 29.4% of the samples serologically positive reactions were established. In the same region the blood samples of 1080 domestic swine on pastures were also analysed and positive serological reactions were established in 12.3%. In the regions around Lonjsko Polje the blood samples of 53 wild boars were analysed and in 22.6% of them positive serological reactions were established. On several locations around Lonjsko Polje the blood samples of 901 domestic swine were serologically analysed and 13.5% of the swine were found to be seropositive. Bacteriological analyses of submitted materials from 24 wild boars resulted in isolation of Brucella from seven (29.2%) samples, and from 43 samples originating from domestic swine that had aborted and had been serologically positive, Brucella were isolated from 25 (58.1%) swine, as well as from 10 (62.5%) out of 16 aborted piglets. In all the isolates Brucellasuis biovar 2 was identified. Wild boars are carriers and reservoirs of Brucellasuis biovar 2 in Croatia

The production of alpha/beta and gamma/delta double negative (DN) T-cells and their role in the maintenance of pregnancy

The ability of the thymus gland to convert bone marrow-derived progenitor cells into single positive (SP) T-cells is well known. In this review we present evidence that the thymus, in addition to producing SP T-cells, also has a pathway for the production of double negative (DN) T-cells. The existence of this pathway was noted during our examination of relevant literature to determine the cause of sex steroid-induced thymocyte loss. In conducting this search our objective was to answer the question of whether thymocyte loss is the end product of a typical interaction between the reproductive and immune systems, or evidence that the two systems are incompatible. We can now report that thymocyte loss is a normal process that occurs during the production of DN T-cells. The DN T-cell pathway is unique in that it is mediated by thymic mast cells, and becomes functional following puberty. Sex steroids initiate the development of the pathway by binding to an estrogen receptor alpha located in the outer membrane of the mast cells, causing their activation. This results in their uptake of extracellular calcium, and the production and subsequent release of histamine and serotonin. Lymphatic vessels, located in the subcapsular region of the thymus, respond to the two vasodilators by undergoing a substantial and preferential uptake of gamma/delta and alpha/beta DN T-cells. These T-cells exit the thymus via efferent lymphatic vessels and enter the lymphatic system. The DN pathway is responsible for the production of three subsets of gamma/delta DN T-cells and one subset of alpha/beta DN T-cells. In postpubertal animals approximately 35 % of total thymocytes exit the thymus as DN T-cells, regardless of sex. In pregnant females, their levels undergo a dramatic increase. Gamma/delta DN T-cells produce cytokines that are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy