Vaccination of rainbow trout against Streptococcus iniae infection: comparison of different routes of administration and different vaccines

Antibody production and clinical efficacy (relative percent survival RPS) were measured in 40±5g rainbow trout after immunization with two types of Streptococcus iniae vaccines consisting of formalin killed cells (FKC) and FKC enriched with the bacterial extracellular products (ECP) administered by intraperitoneal (i.p), immersion and oral routes at 16±1°C for 18 weeks. No significant difference was found in antibody levels among the fish i.p immunized with FKC enriched with ECP plus Freunds' adjuvant (FA), FKC plus FA and FKC vaccines (P>0.05), whilst the antibody production was significantly higher in these three groups than fish immunized by immersion and oral routes of FKC and FKC enriched ECP (P0.05). The RPSs ranging 82.6-100, 73.9-95 and 73.9-91.7% were obtained in the fish intraperitoneally immunized with FKC enriched ECP plus FA, FKC plus FA and FKC vaccines, respectively, compared to 0% survival for the control fish. Also, RPS in fish vaccinated by the immersion route was in the range 45.8-30.4% after 18 weeks post-vaccination. Efficacy of oral vaccination of fish with FKC plus ECP was in range of 8.7-29% and that of fish orally vaccinated with FKC resulted in 8.7-20.8% protection

Selected morpho-chemical features of hemocytes in farmed shrimp, Fenneropenaeus indicus in Iran

The aim of the present study was to determine various types of hemocytes, total and differential hemocyte count and to show some indices of phagocytosis, including percent phagocytosis and phagocytic index in Indian white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus indicus in Iranian shrimp farms. The hemolymph was extracted from the shrimps and mixed with anticoagulant. It then stained and Yeast was added as foreign particles to samples. Based on the cell size and presence of the granules and nucleocytoplasmic ratio, three major groups of hemocytes, including hyaline cells, small granular cells (SGC) and large granular cells (LGC) were identified. Hyaline cell (HC) was the smallest hemocyte. HC (hyaline cell) about was 10-15%, lower quantity in comparison to some species and those of LGC and SGC were 20-25% and 60-65%, respectively, suggesting that relative percentage of differential hemocyte count in Fenneropenaeus indicus is different from other decapods. Also, in this study, it was shown that SGH and LGH could engulf the yeast particles. In Contrast to some previous studies, no engulfment was observed by hyaline cells in vitro. In this study it was showed that there are some variations in total and differential hemocyte count compare to other species in the family of Penaeidae

Hexagonal Smoothness-Increasing Accuracy-Conserving Filtering

Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods are a popular class of numerical techniques to solve partial differential equations due to their higher order of accuracy. However, the inter-element discontinuity of a DG solution hinders its utility in various applications, including visualization and feature extraction. This shortcoming can be alleviated by postprocessing of DG solutions to increase the inter-element smoothness. A class of postprocessing techniques proposed to increase the inter-element smoothness is SIAC filtering. In addition to increasing the inter-element continuity, SIAC filtering also raises the convergence rate from order k+1k+1 to order 2k+12k+1 . Since the introduction of SIAC filtering for univariate hyperbolic equations by Cockburn et al. (Math Comput 72(242):577–606, 2003), many generalizations of SIAC filtering have been proposed. Recently, the idea of dimensionality reduction through rotation has been the focus of studies in which a univariate SIAC kernel has been used to postprocess a two-dimensional DG solution (Docampo-Sánchez et al. in Multi-dimensional filtering: reducing the dimension through rotation, 2016. arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.02317). However, the scope of theoretical development of multidimensional SIAC filters has never gone beyond the usage of tensor product multidimensional B-splines or the reduction of the filter dimension. In this paper, we define a new SIAC filter called hexagonal SIAC (HSIAC) that uses a nonseparable class of two-dimensional spline functions called hex splines. In addition to relaxing the separability assumption, the proposed HSIAC filter provides more symmetry to its tensor-product counterpart. We prove that the superconvergence property holds for a specific class of structured triangular meshes using HSIAC filtering and provide numerical results to demonstrate and validate our theoretical results

The effect of different salinities on mortality and histopathological changes of SPF imported Litopenaeus vannamei, experimentally exposed to White Spot Virus and a new differential hemocyte staining method

Shrimp farmers have been suffering from loss of production due to White Spot Disease (WSD) in the last decades. A few studies focused on the environmental factors predisposed WSD. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of the different salinities on occurrence of WSD. The treatments were 30 ppt, 40 ppt and 50 ppt in triplicate and corresponding untreated control groups. White Spot Virus (WSV) was intramuscularly injected to the shrimp in whole treatments. PCR and histopathological findings within the measurement of some hemolymph parameters such as Differentiated Hemocyte Count (DHC), Total Hemocyte Count (THC) and Total Plasma Protein (TPP) were carried out. A positive result was observed for the occurrence of the antigen of the WSV obtained from the samples of each treatment of salinity due to the challenging treatments with the WSV. Mortality at the salinity of 30 ppt began at 72 h post inoculation as well as the salinity of 40 ppt, but at 50 ppt it started after 50 h. The Minimum and maximum count of mortality at the salinity of 30, 40 and 50 ppt were 3.5, 8.5 0.5, 4.5 and 1.5, 7.5, respectively. No mortality was observed in the untreated control groups of 30, 40 and 50 ppt during the experiment. It is concluded that the higher and the lower salinity, lesser or greater than the normal condition in exposed to WSV could lead to severe mortality of WSD

Multi-dimensional filtering: Reducing the dimension through rotation

Over the past few decades there has been a strong effort towards the development of Smoothness-Increasing Accuracy-Conserving (SIAC) filters for Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods, designed to increase the smoothness and improve the convergence rate of the DG solution through this post-processor. These advantages can be exploited during flow visualization, for example by applying the SIAC filter to the DG data before streamline computations [Steffan et al., IEEE-TVCG 14(3): 680-692]. However, introducing these filters in engineering applications can be challenging since a tensor product filter grows in support size as the field dimension increases, becoming computationally expensive. As an alternative, [Walfisch et al., JOMP 38(2);164-184] proposed a univariate filter implemented along the streamline curves. Until now, this technique remained a numerical experiment. In this paper we introduce the line SIAC filter and explore how the orientation, structure and filter size affect the order of accuracy and global errors. We present theoretical error estimates showing how line filtering preserves the properties of traditional tensor product filtering, including smoothness and improvement in the convergence rate. Furthermore, numerical experiments are included, exhibiting how these filters achieve the same accuracy at significantly lower computational costs, becoming an attractive tool for the scientific visualization community

Smoothness-Increasing Accuracy-Conserving (SIAC) filtering and quasi interpolation: A unified view

Filtering plays a crucial role in postprocessing and analyzing data in scientific and engineering applications. Various application-specific filtering schemes have been proposed based on particular design criteria. In this paper, we focus on establishing the theoretical connection between quasi-interpolation and a class of kernels (based on B-splines) that are specifically designed for the postprocessing of the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method called Smoothness-Increasing Accuracy-Conserving (SIAC) filtering. SIAC filtering, as the name suggests, aims to increase the smoothness of the DG approximation while conserving the inherent accuracy of the DG solution (superconvergence). Superconvergence properties of SIAC filtering has been studied in the literature. In this paper, we present the theoretical results that establish the connection between SIAC filtering to long-standing concepts in approximation theory such as quasi-interpolation and polynomial reproduction. This connection bridges the gap between the two related disciplines and provides a decisive advancement in designing new filters and mathematical analysis of their properties. In particular, we derive a closed formulation for convolution of SIAC kernels with polynomials. We also compare and contrast cardinal spline functions as an example of filters designed for image processing applications with SIAC filters of the same order, and study their properties

Bioassay of combined hydrogen peroxide and silver ion at four life stages of Indian white shrimp (Fennerop enaeus indicus)

Silver ion and hydrogen peroxide act synergistically as a strong disinfectant. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of combined hydrogen peroxide 50% and silver ion 0.05% at four life stages of Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) and to evaluate the feasibility of using this substance in shrimp culture. The Trimmed Spear man karber software was applied for determining EC _(50)/96h and LC sub(50)/96h with 95% confidence limit on the 6000 shrimp based on OECD static method. The experiments were conducted in Iran Shrimp Research Center, Bushehr, during 2005 -2006. The EC _(50) values of 132.5, 67.89, 55.56, 51.95 and 48 .6ppm were obtained in PL15 stage after 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, respectively. Also these were 147.57, 70.83, 60.01, 54.89, 41.19 for PL_(45) stage, and 306.43, 174.14, 113.62, 78.21, 61.96 for sub adult stage (12 plus or minus 1 grams), res pectively. In addition, the EC _(50) values of 243.25, 130.55, 75.56, 61. 18 and 51.59ppm were obtained at adult stage (20 plus or minus 2 grams), respectively. The LC sub(50) values of 239.81, 101, 74.28, 65.72 and 61.45ppm were obtained in PL _(15) stage after 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, respectively. Also thes e were 304.56, 160.12, 113.1, 93.69, 79.38 for PL _(45) stage, and 712.13 , 518.44, 265.29, 145.53, 103.76 for sub adult stage, respectively. In addition, the LC _(50) values of 827.75, 508.91, 317.3, 139.44 and 85.88ppm were obtained at adult stage, respectively. The statistical results showed that; no observed effect concentration" (NOEC) of this substance was 20ppm, and the "lowest observed effect concentration" (LOEC) was 40ppm, thus "maximum allowable concentration" (MAC) value was determined 28.8 ppm on the Indian white shrimp. Therefore this combined chemical should be used under determined MAC value with a complete precautionary as a disinfectant for Indian white shrimp