Toward a systems understanding of plant–microbe interactions

Plants are closely associated with microorganisms including pathogens and mutualists that influence plant fitness. Molecular genetic approaches have uncovered a number of signaling components from both plants and microbes and their mode of actions. However, signaling pathways are highly interconnected and influenced by diverse sets of environmental factors. Therefore, it is important to have systems views in order to understand the true nature of plant–microbe interactions. Indeed, systems biology approaches have revealed previously overlooked or misinterpreted properties of the plant immune signaling network. Experimental reconstruction of biological networks using exhaustive combinatorial perturbations is particularly powerful to elucidate network structure and properties and relationships among network components. Recent advances in metagenomics of microbial communities associated with plants further point to the importance of systems approaches and open a research area of microbial community reconstruction. In this review, we highlight the importance of a systems understanding of plant–microbe interactions, with a special emphasis on reconstruction strategies

Examine of the Facts of Women and Migration During the Urbanization in the Scale of South-eastern Anatolia Region (Gap), in Turkey

Since the beginning of 1950’s the migration of population from countryside to cities constitutes a subject as an important part of demographic changing on its own. Since the second half of 1970’s, especially domestic migration from the small and medium size cities to big cities, by turning into family migration became dense in the three big metropolises in west. (Ãstanbul, Ankara, Ãzmir). In 1990’s both the migration from east and Southeast Anatolia to other regions and the obligatory migration inside the region have been added to elements which effect movement of population. While this changing, which occurs in the dynamics of domestic migration during the time, does not exist in most of present researches, one of the other absence is social sex viewpoint. In the studies about migration, the lack of social sex viewpoint is not peculiar only to Turkey but also it seems limited in international literature. Present studies show there are important differences between women and men in the point of migration causes, participation to migration process, experiences during this process and effects of migration, attitudes and reactions of immigrants. In the core of these differences there are, collaboration inside the family between woman and man and parallel to this, social roles of woman and man, which described by customs and traditions. Women’ life relating to migration is generally closely related to their situations in family as a wife, a mother or a young girl about to marry. The relations between them and both the places they left and they just came is formed in this base. Consequently, in a migration process, which includes a social and place changing, identity of sex has an important role as much as socio-economic class, culture, ethnic or national identity. G.A.P. Region which is in the Southeast of our developing country has a village-city appearance by the effects of both many side social, physiological, economic and urban destruction which created by terror and fight and generally the feudal structure in the region, extreme poverty, lack of top and underground structure and the political and economic choices which does not mind about neighborhood values. This work has aimed at examine to migration which is one of the most important social fact in the world we live in the context of woman and urbanization and to expose the appearance of women in extent of G.A.P. region in domestic immigration…

The Texas construction sector: the tail that wagged the dog

The boom-to-bust days of the Texas construction industry will linger in people's memory for many years. D'Ann Petersen, Keith Phillips, and Mine Yucel examine the factors that led to the rise and fall of the Texas construction industry and determine the role the industry played in the state's volatile economy during the 1970s and 1980s. ; Petersen, Phillips, and Yucel employ an econometric model to analyze the roles residential and nonresidential construction played in the state's economic fluctuations from 1976 through 1990. The authors find that, although large swings in oil prices were the greatest source of economic instability in the Texas economy, the construction sector also played an important and independent role in the changing fortunes of the state. The authors' results show that the homebuilding sector, in particular, had a large impact on the Texas economy. In addition, the authors find that the state's economy needs several years to adjust to shocks in the construction industry. Consequently, the current expansion in residential construction is likely to have positive economic effects in the years ahead.Construction industry ; Texas

Quantum Field Theoretical Analysis on Unstable Behavior of Bose-Einstein Condensates in Optical Lattices

We study the dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates flowing in optical lattices on the basis of quantum field theory. For such a system, a Bose-Einstein condensate shows a unstable behavior which is called the dynamical instability. The unstable system is characterized by the appearance of modes with complex eigenvalues. Expanding the field operator in terms of excitation modes including complex ones, we attempt to diagonalize the unperturbative Hamiltonian and to find its eigenstates. It turns out that although the unperturbed Hamiltonian is not diagonalizable in the conventional bosonic representation the appropriate choice of physical states leads to a consistent formulation. Then we analyze the dynamics of the system in the regime of the linear response theory. Its numerical results are consitent with as those given by the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation.Comment: 16pages, 4figure

Condition for the Existence of Complex Modes in a Trapped Bose--Einstein Condensate with a Highly Quantized Vortex

We consider a trapped Bose--Einstein condensate (BEC) with a highly quantized vortex. For the BEC with a doubly, triply or quadruply quantized vortex, the numerical calculations have shown that the Bogoliubov--de Gennes equations, which describe the fluctuation of the condensate, have complex eigenvalues. In this paper, we obtain the analytic expression of the condition for the existence of complex modes, using the method developed by Rossignoli and Kowalski [R. Rossignoli and A. M. Kowalski, Phys. Rev. A 72, 032101 (2005)] for the small coupling constant. To derive it, we make the two-mode approximation. With the derived analytic formula, we can identify the quantum number of the complex modes for each winding number of the vortex. Our result is consistent with those obtained by the numerical calculation in the case that the winding number is two, three or four. We prove that the complex modes always exist when the condensate has a highly quantized vortex

Condition for emergence of complex eigenvalues in the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations

The condition for the appearance of dynamical instability of the Bose-condensed system, characterized by the emergence of complex eigenvalues in the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations, is studied analytically. We perturbatively expand both the Gross-Pitaevskii and Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations with respect to the coupling constant. It is concluded that the degeneracy between a positive-norm eigenmode and a negative-norm one is essential for the emergence of complex modes. Based on the conclusion, we justify the two-mode approximation applied in our previous work [E. Fukuyama \textit{et al}., Phys. Rev. A {\bf 76}, 043608 (2007)], in which we analytically studied the condition for the existence of complex modes when the condensate has a highly quantized vortex.Comment: 7page

Učinci carskog reza na peroksidaciju lipida i neke antioksidanse u krvi netom oteljene teladi.

The mode of delivery may have a considerable effect on the state and health of the newborn. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a Caesarean section on oxidant and antioxidant status in newborn calves. This study included the neonates of 8 normally calved cows and 8 cows who had undergone by Caesarean section. Malondialdehyde concentrations were significantly higher in the calves delivered by caesarean section compared to the calves of normally calved cows, but catalase activity was significantly lower (P<0.01). Glutathione concentrations tended to increase in the calves delivered by Caesarean section compared to the calves of normally calved cows. There were no significant differences in the glutathione peroxidase activity between the groups. Our results suggest that the malondialdehyde concentrations and catalase activities, which show lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in newborn calves, change due to Caesarean section. In conclusion, newborn calves are exposed to higher oxidative stress in Caesarean section.Način porođaja može znatno utjecati na stanje i zdravlje novorođenčeta. Stoga je svrha ovoga rada istražiti učinak carskoga reza na oksidacijsko i antioksidacijsko stanje u netom oteljene teladi. Istraživanje je provedeno na osam normalno oteljene teladi i na osam teladi oteljene carskim rezom. Koncentracije malondialdehida bile su značajno veće u teladi oteljene carskim rezom nego li u prirodne oteljene teladi, ali je aktivnost katalaze bila značajno slabija (P<0,01). Koncentracije glutationa bile su povećane u teladi oteljene carskim rezom u odnosu na prirodno oteljenu telad. Nisu bile ustanovljene značajne razlike u aktivnosti glutation peroksidaze među dvjema skupinama. Rezultati upućuju na zaključak da su koncentracije malondialdehida i aktivnost katalaze kao pokazatelji lipidne peroksidacije i antioksidacijskog stanja u novorođene teladi bile promijenjene zbog carskog reza. To govori da je netom oteljena telad zbog carskog reza izložena jačem oksidacijskom stresu

Effects of Haptic Feedback on the Wrist during Virtual Manipulation

We propose a haptic system for virtual manipulation to provide feedback on the user's forearm instead of the fingertips. In addition to visual rendering of the manipulation with virtual fingertips, we employ a device to deliver normal or shear skin-stretch at multiple points near the wrist. To understand how design parameters influence the experience, we investigated the effect of the number and location of sensory feedback on stiffness perception. Participants compared stiffness values of virtual objects, while the haptic bracelet provided interaction feedback on the dorsal, ventral, or both sides of the wrist. Stiffness discrimination judgments and duration, as well as qualitative results collected verbally, indicate no significant difference in stiffness perception with stimulation at different and multiple locations.Comment: 2 pages, work-in-progress paper on haptics symposium, 202

Haptic Sketches on the Arm for Manipulation in Virtual Reality

We propose a haptic system that applies forces or skin deformation to the user's arm, rather than at the fingertips, for believable interaction with virtual objects as an alternative to complex thimble devices. Such a haptic system would be able to convey information to the arm instead of the fingertips, even though the user manipulates virtual objects using their hands. We developed a set of haptic sketches to determine which directions of skin deformation are deemed more believable during a grasp and lift task. Subjective reports indicate that normal forces were the most believable feedback to represent this interaction.Comment: 2 pages, work in progres