Changes in intestinal immune system after training and exhausting physical exercise in rats

Podeu consultar el III Workshop anual INSA-UB complet a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/118993Sessió 1. Pòster núm.

Face-to-face teaching: the opinion and the commitment of the students of Physiology and Pathophysiogy III in the Pharmacy Degree of the University of Barcelona

Although university teachers and students made a significant effort to adapt to a virtual scenario during the pandemic, face-to-face teaching is considered the priority system at the University of Barcelona. However, after the pandemic period, the presence of the students in the classroom has been clearly reduced. The teachers of the subject of Physiology and Pathophysiology III of the Pharmacy Degree of the University of Barcelona have designed a survey to capture the degree of satisfaction of the students about the development of face-to-face teaching tuition and to investigate their commitment to attend the classes in the classroom. The students answered this survey on the day of the final exam. The number of students in the course 2022-2023 is 313 and 95 % of them (296 students) answered the survey, which was voluntary and anonymous. In the analysis of the results obtained, we have differentiated between the students who coursed the subject for the first time (242 students) and those who failed in previous academic years and enrolled for the second or the third time (46 students). Results indicated that the students valued positively face-to-face teaching, as 94% of all the students who answered the poll rated "quiet" or "a lot" this tuition. If we consider only the students who matriculated the subject for the first time, the degree of satisfaction increased to 95% while it decreased to 90% when the students that already coursed the subject before were assessed. When they were asked about their commitment to assist the lessons at the classroom, with the question "How often have you attended the face-to-face classes?", 77% of the students answered "quite" or "a lot". Again, if we consider the students who coursed the subject for the first time, this value increased to 81% and decreased to 61% for those who were matriculated in the subject after failing it the previous year. The main reasons that they argued for not assisting to the classes were mainly 1) lack of time due to other continuous assessment exams and activities and 2) working hours. Only 1.7% of the students adduced their absence from the classroom to reasons related to the teaching quality. In conclusion, the students are in line with our university's face-to-face teaching methods, as they continue to positively value classroom teaching, despite having lived through the pandemics, when they took online classes. Their responses to the survey show us that students of the Pharmacy Degree may feel overwhelmed with the activities and exams scheduled during each term, the lack of time the reason for not attending regular face-to-face classes every day

The effects of cocoa on the immune system

Cocoa is a food relatively rich in polyphenols, which makes it a potent antioxidant. Due to its activity as an antioxidant, as well as through other mechanisms, cocoa consumption has been reported to be beneficial for cardiovascular health, brain functions, and cancer prevention. Furthermore, cocoa influences the immune system, in particular the inflammatory innate response and the systemic and intestinal adaptive immune response. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that a cocoa-enriched diet modifies T-cell functions that conduce to a modulation of the synthesis of systemic and gut antibodies. In this regard, it seems that a cocoa diet in rats produces changes in the lymphocyte composition of secondary lymphoid tissues and the cytokines secreted by T cells. These results suggest that it is possible that cocoa could inhibit the function of Th2 cells, and in line with this, the preventive effect of cocoa on IgE synthesis in a rat allergy model has been reported, which opens up new perspectives when considering the beneficial effects of cocoa compounds. On the other hand, cocoa intake modifies the functionality of gut-associated lymphoid tissue by means of modulating IgA secretion and intestinal microbiota. The mechanisms involved in these influences are discussed here. Further research may elucidate the cocoa compounds involved in such an effect and also the possible medical approaches to these repercussion

Association between urinary metabolic profile and the intestinal effects of cocoa in rats

The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the urinary metabolic fingerprint and the effects of cocoa and cocoa fibre on body weight, hormone metabolism, intestinal immunity and microbiota composition. To this effect, Wistar rats were fed, for 3 weeks, a diet containing 10 % cocoa (C10) or two other diets with same the proportion of fibres: one based on cocoa fibre (CF) and another containing inulin as a reference (REF) diet. The rats’ 24 h urine samples were analysed by an untargeted 1H NMR spectroscopy-based metabonomic approach. Concentrations of faecal IgA and plasma metabolic hormones were also quantified. The C10 diet decreased the intestinal IgA, plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon concentrations and increased ghrelin levels compared with those in the REF group. Clear differences were observed between the metabolic profiles from the C10 group and those from the CF group. Urine metabolites derived from cocoa correlated with the cocoa effects on body weight, immunity and the gut microbiota. Overall, cocoa intake alters the host and bacterial metabolism concerning energy and amino acid pathways, leading to a metabolic signature that can be used as a marker for consumption. This metabolic profile correlates with body weight, metabolic hormones, intestinal immunity and microbiota composition

The effects of cocoa on the immune system

Cocoa is a food relatively rich in polyphenols, which makes it a potent antioxidant. Due to its activity as an antioxidant, as well as through other mechanisms, cocoa consumption has been reported to be beneficial for cardiovascular health, brain functions, and cancer prevention. Furthermore, cocoa influences the immune system, in particular the inflammatory innate response and the systemic and intestinal adaptive immune response. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that a cocoa-enriched diet modifies T-cell functions that conduce to a modulation of the synthesis of systemic and gut antibodies. In this regard, it seems that a cocoa diet in rats produces changes in the lymphocyte composition of secondary lymphoid tissues and the cytokines secreted by T cells. These results suggest that it is possible that cocoa could inhibit the function of Th2 cells, and in line with this, the preventive effect of cocoa on IgE synthesis in a rat allergy model has been reported, which opens up new perspectives when considering the beneficial effects of cocoa compounds. On the other hand, cocoa intake modifies the functionality of gut-associated lymphoid tissue by means of modulating IgA secretion and intestinal microbiota. The mechanisms involved in these influences are discussed here. Further research may elucidate the cocoa compounds involved in such an effect and also the possible medical approaches to these repercussion

Cocoa flavonoid-enriched diet modulates systemic and intestinal immunoglobulin synthesis in adult Lewis rats

Previous studies have reported that a diet containing 10% cocoa, a rich source of flavonoids, has immunomodulatory effects on rats and, among others effects, is able to attenuate the immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis in both systemic and intestinal compartments. The purpose of the present study was focused on investigating whether these effects were attributed exclusively to the flavonoid content or to other compounds present in cocoa. To this end, eight-week-old Lewis rats were fed, for two weeks, either a standard diet or three isoenergetic diets containing increasing proportions of cocoa flavonoids from different sources: one with 0.2% polyphenols from conventional defatted cocoa, and two others with 0.4% and 0.8% polyphenols, respectively, from non-fermented cocoa. Diet intake and body weight were monitored and fecal samples were obtained throughout the study to determine fecal pH, IgA, bacteria proportions, and IgA-coated bacteria. Moreover, IgG and IgM concentrations in serum samples collected during the study were quantified. At the end of the dietary intervention no clear changes of serum IgG or IgM concentrations were quantified, showing few effects of cocoa polyphenol diets at the systemic level. However, in the intestine, all cocoa polyphenol-enriched diets attenuated the age-related increase of both fecal IgA and IgA-coated bacteria, as well as the proportion of bacteria in feces. As these effects were not dependent on the dose of polyphenol present in the diets, other compounds and/or the precise polyphenol composition present in cocoa raw material used for the diets could be key factors in this effect

Changes in intestinal immune system after training and exhausting physical exercise in rats

Podeu consultar el III Workshop anual INSA-UB complet a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/118993Sessió 1. Pòster núm.