India’s Revenue Deficit: A Challenge Ahead

A developing country like India needs revenue surplus for the capital investment at the same time to pursue the economic development through demand expansion it needs expenditure especially in the social sectors such as health, education etc,. The recent global economic crisis also compels India to induce the expenditure for sustainability of the growth that it has achieved recently. This also needs enormous expenditure. On the other hand, current expenditure over current revenue of an economy makes revenue deficit. India’s Thirteenth Finance Commission’s one of the recommendation is that revenue deficit (as % of GDP) of the Centre needs to be progressively reduced and eliminated, followed by emergence of a revenue surplus by 2014-15 and a long term and permanent target for the Central Government should be to maintain, at the minimum, a zero revenue deficit. In the light of the above recommendation analyzing revenue deficit is imperative at this hour.India; Revenue Deficit; Revenue Receipts; Revenue Expenditure; Thirteenth Finance Commission

Radiobiological studies of plants orbited in biosatellite 2

Radiation induced mutation rates and cyotlogical changes in plants orbited on Biosatellite

EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON SOME PHYSICAL , MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LIMA BEAN ( PHASEOLUS LUNATUS ), AN UNDERUTILIZED COMMON FOOD LEGUME

The physical and mechanical properties of lima bean seeds were determined as a function of moisture content in the range between 11.02 and  0.05 to 24.15± 0.12 .The physical and mechanical properties of lima bean seeds were determined as a function of moisture content in the range of 11.02 ± 0.05 to 24.15± 0.12  d.b.The length, width and breadth of the lima bean seeds increased from 15.32 ± 0.72 to16.16 ± 0.31 mm, 7.92 ±  0.27 to 9.02  ± 0.10 mm, 4.94 ± 0.24 to 5.68 ± 0.26 mm, respectively, with increase in moisture content from 11.02 ± 0.05 to 24.15± 0.12  d.b.One thousand seed weight increased linearly from 423 ± 0.24 to 532 ± 0.32 g. The bulk density decreased from 0.662 ± 0.03 to 0.583 ± 0.13 gcm, while the true density increased from 0.918 ± 0.03 to 1.153 ± 0.13 gcm-3 in the moisture content range. The porosity and sphericity values of lima bean seed increased linearly from 27.88 ± 0.05 to 49.43 ± 1.12, 0.548 ± 0.01 to 0.579 ± 0.09 . The maximum static coefficients of friction were noticed on rubber surface, followed by stainless steel, plywood, galvanized iron, aluminium and glass surfaces. The results are necessary for design of equipment to handling, transportation, processing, and the storage of lima bean seed.Keywords: Lima bean, physical and mechanical properties, moisture content, coefficient of friction, thousand seed mass

Continuous light inside a cave abolishes the social synchronization of the circadian rhythm in a bat

The bat Hipposideros speoris regulates its flight activity rhythm in the absence of time cues in a totally dark natural cave. The flight activity rhythm even of captive bats in total darkness entrained to the social cues available from free flying conspecifics. The social synchronization of the circadian rhythm was abolished in continuous illumination (LL) of 10-20 lx. All the captive bats 'feerun' in LL with τ longer than 24 h. The social entrainment was re-established following a few cycles of transients when total darkness was restored

Compact broadband PCML bandpass filter with broad upper stop band

A simple broadband parallel coupled microstrip line (PCML) bandpass filter with compact design is proposed. A PCML structure with two feeding network of various widths is characterized by an equivalent J-inverter network. The extracted parameters indicate that the normalized J susceptance and equivalent electrical length are frequency dependent. A pair of PCML structure with middle resonator, without ground plane aperture at PCML structure and capacitive open-ended stub at the middle resonator, is proposed. The proposed design is further optimized by adjusting the length and width of the middle resonator. Three broadband bandpass filter with PCML structure of various coupling strengths have been designed. The simulated and measured insertion and return loss responses show good agreement with bandwidth of over 80%, return loss of better than -16 dB and 250% broad upper stopband

Social entrainment of the circadian rhythm in the flight activity of the microchiropteran bat Hipposideros speoris

1. We investigated the problem of how members of the microchiropteran bat species Hipposideros speoris that live in a true cave clock their flight activity rhythms in the absence of time cues. 2. The bats become restless well in advance of sunset and then fly towards the cavemouth to sample light. 3. We investigated whether each bat roosting 40 m from the cave entrance must sample outside light levels for itself in order to emerge at the appropriate time. Three captive bats were tested and each began activity when the conspecifics left the cave in the evenings. 4. In another series of experiments a solitary bat was held captive in a solitary cave for 50 days and its circadian rhythm was recorded. In the absence of other conspecifics the circadian rhythm 'free ran' with a period shorter than 24 h. 5. We concluded from the results of our studies that there exists a clear-cut case for social synchronization of the circadian rhythms of this cave-dwelling bat

Single-stage parallel coupled microstrip line bandpass filter using weak coupling technique

The frequency-dispersive characteristic of a two-port parallel coupled microstrip line (PCML) can be obtained using equivalent J-inverter network parameters. The latter is obtained from its corresponding admittance parameters. Hence, the behaviour of transmission zero frequency, fundamental response frequency and harmonic response frequency of the PCML can be shown. The former is realigned by varying a centrally located single groove size to suppress the first spurious harmonic passband of the filter. Using the J-inverter parameters, the transmission zero of J-susceptance null of a PCML can be realigned by employing a single groove with specific dimension. This simultaneously cancels the first harmonic resonance. In this paper, the behaviour of the J-inverter parameters with varying coupling gaps is presented. The effect of having weak coupling characteristic is then presented. The proposed technique is then justified by two single-stage bandpass filters of PCML with weak coupling characteristic

The contribution of perceived firm marketing innovation initiatives to customer perceived value and loyalty: does switching experience really matter?

In recent years, perceived firm marketing innovation initiatives (PFMII) are increasingly considered as an important means to ensure customers' continued loyalty. Although customer perceived value is believed to be a potential mediator between PFMII and customer loyalty, much of the evidence to date remains anecdotal or speculative. Furthermore, there is a dearth of knowledge about how the effect of PFMII on customer value differs between switchers and non-switchers. To bridge this knowledge gap, we propose a conceptual framework linking PFMII to customer perceived value and loyalty, and develop hypotheses about the moderating role of switching experience in some of these linkages. Data were collected from Generation Y(18–34 years old) who subscribed to post-paid mobile internet plans. The results showed that both functional and monetary values mediated the relationship between PFMII and customer loyalty. However, there was no significant difference in the effect of PFMII on functional and monetary values between switchers and non-switchers. This research contributes to theory and practice by clarifying linkages between PFMII and customer loyalty by investigating the often widely neglected role of customer perceived value. In addition, this study successfully extended Sweeney and Soutar (2001) PERVAL model by incorporating PFMII as the key driver of customer perceived value

Establishing monoxenic culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices through root organ culture

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are soil fungi distributed worldwide, forming symbiosis with most of the vascular plants for their growth and survival, which is used for sustainable agriculture and ecosystem management. This study investigated the establishment of monoxenic cultures of Glomus intraradices in association with transformed carrot hairy root. The G.intraradices spores were isolated from sugarcane rhizosphere by wet sieving and decanting technique and propagated in open pot culture. Transformation in to carrot hairy root was done using Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Surface sterilization of G.intraradices spores co-cultured with transformed carrot hairy root in Modified Strulla and Romand (MSR) medium was found the host root growth as well as for germination AM spores. After three months of incubation in dark condition, significant production of extensive hyphal growth on MSR medium and an average of 8500-9000 spores per petri dish was observed. The in vitro inoculum exhibited higher potential of root colonization due to numerous intraradices mycelium with extensive spore load. The produced monoxenic inoculum can be used in place of traditional system where it has a advantage of producing contaminant free propagulas. Thus the monoxenic culture system, a powerful tool, of AM sporulation, can be used for the mass production of monoxenic inoculum of AM fungi besides studying its biology