Energy efficient routing in wireless sensor network based on mobile sink guided by stochastic hill climbing

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), the reduction of energy consumption in the batteries of a sensor node is an important task. Sensor nodes of WSNs perform three significant functions such as data sensing, data transmitting and data relaying. Routing technique is one of the methods to enhance the sensor nodes battery lifetime. Energy optimization is done by using one of the heuristic routing methods for sensing and transmitting the data. To enhance the energy optimization mainly concentrated on data relaying. In this work stochastic hill climbing is adapted. The proposed solution for data relaying utilizes geographical routing and mobile sink technique. The sink collects the data from cluster heads and movement of the sink is routed by stochastic hill climbing. Network simulator 2 is used for experimentation purpose. This work also compares with the existing routing protocols like Energy-efficient Low Duty Cycle (ELDC), Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network (TEEN) and Adaptive clustering protocol. The proposed work shows promising results with respect to lifetime, average energy of nodes and packet delivery ratio

Development and Operation Analysis of Spectrum Monitoring Subsystem 2.4–2.5 GHz Range

The paper presents a substantiation of the effectiveness of IEEE 802.11 wireless network analysis subsystem implementation using miniature spectrum analyzers. Also it was given an overview of firmware work scheme, development process of trial versions, monitoring system development approaches, current development stage, infrastructure for research system, reliability and scan check, our system design and hardware implementation, future work, etc. Paper also provides technical solutions on automation, optimal algorithms searching, errors correcting, organizing software according to the Model-View-Controller scheme, harmonizing data exchange protocols, storing and presenting the obtained results

A Single-Tube, Functional Marker-Based Multiplex PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Major Bacterial Blight Resistance Genes Xa21, xa13 and xa5 in Rice

AbstractIn marker-assisted breeding for bacterial blight (BB) resistance in rice, three major resistance genes, viz., Xa21, xa13 and xa5, are routinely deployed either singly or in combinations. As efficient and functional markers are yet to be developed for xa13 and xa5, we have developed simple PCR-based functional markers for both the genes. For xa13, we designed a functional PCR-based marker, xa13-prom targeting the InDel polymorphism in the promoter of candidate gene Os8N3 located on chromosome 8 of rice. With respect to xa5, a multiplex-PCR based functional marker system, named xa5FM, consisting of two sets of primer pairs targeting the 2-bp functional nucleotide polymorphism in the exon II of the gene TFIIAɤ5 (candidate for xa5), has been developed. Both xa13-prom and xa5FM can differentiate the resistant and susceptible alleles for xa13 and xa5, respectively, in a co-dominant fashion. Using these two functional markers along with the already reported functional PCR-based marker for Xa21 (pTA248), we designed a single-tube multiplex PCR based assay for simultaneous detection of all the three major resistance genes and demonstrated the utility of the multiplex marker system in a segregating population

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Not AvailableField experiments were conducted to evolve suitable agronomic packages for promising pre-release wilt resistant FCV tobacco lines FCH 221 and FCH 222 during 2009 and 2010 crop seasons on red sandy loam soils of Karnataka Light Soils (KLS). The treatments consisted of 2 levels of spacing and 2 levels of topping in main treatments and 3 levels of nitrogen in sub-plots in a splitplot design with three replications. The results revealed that 100 x 55 cm spacing (18,181 plants/ha) was better than 100 x 60 cm spacing (16,666 plants/ha). Adopting 22 leaves topping increased cured leaf and top grade equivalent yield by 4.6 and 5.4%, respectively as compared to lower topping at 20 leaves in line FCH 221. The N application at 60 kg/ha was found optimum for maximizing both the cured leaf and top grade equivalent compared to 50 or 70 kg N/ha. Similarly the recommended spacing of 100 x 55 cm with 18,181 plants/ha was ideal for the line FCH 222. Even though there was no significant differences between the two levels of topping, 20 leaves topping was found advantageous as there was improvement in productivity (up to 8.1%) over 22 leaves topping, especially during the dry season. The application of N at 60 kg/ha was found to be optimum dose as the application of N beyond 60 kg/ha did not significantly increase the yield of cured leaf or top grade equivalent. The cured leaf quality parameters like nicotine, reducing sugars and chlorides were not affected by various cultural practices adopted in both the lines. Hence, adopting 100 x 55 cm spacing and 22 leaves topping with application of 60 kg N/ha (in 2 splits) for line FCH 221 and 100 x 55 cm spacing and topping at 20 leaves with N application of 60 kg/ha (in 2 splits) in line FCH 222 would be the ideal agronomic practices for maximizing both the cured leaf and top grade equivalent yield with desired quality parameters in these lines under KLS conditions.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableField experiments were conducted to evolve suitable agronomic packages for promising pre-release wilt resistant FCV tobacco lines FCH 221 and FCH 222 during 2009 and 2010 crop seasons on red sandy loam soils of Karnataka Light Soils (KLS). The treatments consisted of 2 levels of spacing and 2 levels of topping in main treatments and 3 levels of nitrogen in sub-plots in a splitplot design with three replications. The results revealed that 100 x 55 cm spacing (18,181 plants/ha) was better than 100 x 60 cm spacing (16,666 plants/ha). Adopting 22 leaves topping increased cured leaf and top grade equivalent yield by 4.6 and 5.4%, respectively as compared to lower topping at 20 leaves in line FCH 221. The N application at 60 kg/ha was found optimum for maximizing both the cured leaf and top grade equivalent compared to 50 or 70 kg N/ha. Similarly the recommended spacing of 100 x 55 cm with 18,181 plants/ha was ideal for the line FCH 222. Even though there was no significant differences between the two levels of topping, 20 leaves topping was found advantageous as there was improvement in productivity (up to 8.1%) over 22 leaves topping, especially during the dry season. The application of N at 60 kg/ha was found to be optimum dose as the application of N beyond 60 kg/ha did not significantly increase the yield of cured leaf or top grade equivalent. The cured leaf quality parameters like nicotine, reducing sugars and chlorides were not affected by various cultural practices adopted in both the lines. Hence, adopting 100 x 55 cm spacing and 22 leaves topping with application of 60 kg N/ha (in 2 splits) for line FCH 221 and 100 x 55 cm spacing and topping at 20 leaves with N application of 60 kg/ha (in 2 splits) in line FCH 222 would be the ideal agronomic practices for maximizing both the cured leaf and top grade equivalent yield with desired quality parameters in these lines under KLS conditions.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAmong the major nutrients potassium plays an important role in increasing the leaf size, leaf colour and quality parameters of FCV tobacco by affecting the various biochemical processes. The burn related K (organically bound K in the tobacco leaf) in cured leaf which is directly related to the leaf burn of cigarette is largely determined by the amount of K uptake by the tobacco plant which depends on the growing environments. FCV tobacco grown in Karnataka Light Soils (KLS) are of typical sandy to sandy loam in nature with inherently low fertility. Recent studies have shown that there is a faster depletion of available K status in these soils owing to the removal of the nutrient by continuous FCV tobacco cultivation (Krishnamurthy et al., 2007). The cultivation of high yielding varieties like Kanchan coupled with potential K losses in these soils do affect the optimum uptake and desired K concentration levels in leaf for optimum burn. Maintenance of sufficient potassium levels in soil for tobacco cultivation plays an important role for sustaining the productivity and quality of FCV tobacco. Hence, an attempt was made to study the influence of different levels of K application on the cured leaf productivity, leaf chemistry and burn related K in two popular FCV tobacco cultivars (Kanchan and Rathna) grown in KLS.Not Availabl

Positive perception of weather index based insurance scheme in Karnataka: A case study of cotton crop

Lot of factors, ranging from climate variability, frequent natural disasters, uncertainties in yields and prices, weak rural infrastructure, imperfect markets and lack of financial services including limited span and design of risk mitigation instruments such as credit and insurance have affected Indian agriculture which in turn has affected the farmer's livelihood and incomes in India. In order to avoid the agriculture risks government and private insurance company are introducing varieties of insurance scheme. These schemes will reduce the financial loss occurred through weather vagaries in agriculture sectors. In the present day's insurance can be divided into two categories namely Crop insurance and weather index based insurance. The present article mainly focuses on impact assessment of weather index based insurance in Karnataka. The primary data was collected through random questionnaire and the secondary data regarding weather index based insurance of five districts namely Chitradurga, Dharwad, Shimog, Davangere and Tumkur were collected from Agriculture Insurance Company of India Limited. Comparative study was made between these data to know the impact of WIBI on cotton farmers. It was observed that cotton farmers in Chitradurga, Dharwad, Shimog, and Davangere, districts show more positive perception than Tumkur district

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Not AvailableField experiments were conducted with graded levels of potassium application (0,60,120,180 and 240 kg/ ha) in both root-knot sick and root-knot free soils separately in farmer’s field conditions of FCV tobacco growing area of Periyapatna of Mysore district in Karnataka Light Soils (KLS) during kharif seasons of 2009-10 and 2010-11. The experimental soils were red sandy loam in texture with slightly acidic to neutral in soil reaction (pH 6.1-6.5), poor in soil organic carbon (0.35%), medium to high in available phosphorus (25-55 kg/ha) and potassium (280-400kg/ha).] The cured leaf productivity was lower in root-knot sick site compared to the rootknot free site in both the years of the study. The productivity of cured leaf was significantly increased by 21.9% by application of higher levels of K2O (180 and 240 kg/ha) compared to control (no K application) in root-knot sick soils while the same was increased by only 10 % in the root-knot free soils. The K2O application beyond 120 kg/ha did not show significant improvement in the productivity in the root-knot free soils, while the response to the same was seen up to 180 kg K2O/ha in the rootknot sick soils indicating need for higher level of potassium application for maximizing the productivity levels in the root-knot infested soils in KLS. The RKI was significantly higher at 3.68 in the control (without potash application) compared to RKI value of 2.65 at 180 kg K2O /ha in RK sick soils. But in the root knot free soils, the reduction in RKI due to increased levels of K2O was not significant among different levels of K2O. The cured leaf quality parameters were not influenced by the levels of K in both the soils and were in the normal acceptable range from KLS soils. The leaf K content increased by 48% in the root-knot sick soils by application of higher K2O levels. The study has revealed that there is likely need for higher application of potash than the recommended dose of 120 kg/ha for optimizing the productivity and quality in highly root knot infected areas for sustaining FCV tobacco cultivation in KLS.Not Availabl