(4aS,4bR,7R,10aS)-3,7-Dimethyl-10a-(propan-2-yl)-1,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,8,10,10a-deca­hydro­phenanthrene-1,4-dione

In the title compound, C19H26O2, the A ring adopts a chair conformation, whereas the B and C rings both adopt distorted half-chair conformations with the quaternary C atom common to both rings lying 0.577 (3) and 0.648 (3) Å out of the approximate plane defined by the remaining five C atoms (r.m.s. deviations = 0.1386 and 0.1156 Å) for the B and C rings, respectively. Mol­ecules are assembled in the crystal through C—H⋯O inter­actions involving both carbonyl O atoms, which lead to supra­molecular chains aligned along the b axis

(4R*,4aS*,4bS*,5R*,10aR*)-4-Hy­droxy-4a,5-dimethyl-2-(propan-2-yl)-1,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,8,10,10a-deca­hydro­phenan­thren-1-one

In the title compound, C19H28O2, the A ring adopts a chair conformation. Both the B and C rings adopt envelope conformations with the C atoms common to both rings and adjacent to the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, respectively, lying 0.604 (3) and 0.634 (3) Å out of the mean planes defined by the remaining five C atoms of rings B and C, respectively (r.m.s. deviations = 0.0100 and 0.0157 Å, respectively). The formation of linear supra­molecular C(7) chains along the a axis mediated by hy­droxy-O—H⋯O(carbon­yl) hydrogen bonds is the most prominent feature of the crystal packing

Consumo e digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca de subprodutos da agroindústria processadora de frutas.

O trabalho foi realizado com objetivo de avaliar o valor nutritivo de resíduos de frutas derivados da extração de sucos e polpas. Foram estudados os resíduos de abacaxi, acerola, goiaba, maracujá e melão, devidamente desidratados, até que atingissem teor de umidade entre 13 e 16%. Foram utilizados 20 ovinos SRD, machos e castrados, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (resíduo das frutas), e quatro repetições. Foram avaliados o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) expresso em: g/animal/dia, %PV e g/UTM (PV0,75), e a digestibilidade da matéria seca(DMS), tendo sido feito a análise de variância e comparação de médias. Os maiores CMS (g/animal/dia, %PV e g/UTM) foram obtidos para os resíduos de goiaba, maracujá e melão. O resíduo de acerola apresentou CMS inferior (P>0,05) a todos os outros estudados. O resíduo de maracujá apresentou DMS superior (P<0,01) aos demais resíduos e os resíduos de acerola e goiaba apresentaram a menor DMS. Portanto, os resíduos de frutas estudados podem ser utilizados na alimentação animal por apresentarem CMS e DMS semelhantes a volumosos de boa qualidade. Voluntary intake and dry matter digestibility of fruit processer agroindustry byproducts. ABSTRACT: The study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of residues of the juices and pulps extraction. The residues of pineapple, acerola, guava, passion fruit and melon, were properly dehydrated, until that reached humidity between 13 and 16%. It was used 20 SRD sheeps, males and castrated in complete randomized design with five treatments (fruits residues) and four replications. It was estimaded the dry matter intake (DMI) expressed in: g/animal/day; percentage of body weigth (%BW) and g/BW0.75, and dry matter digestibility (DMD), having been made analysis of variance and average comparisons. The higher DMI (g/animal/day, %BW and g/BW0.75) was reachedto the guava, passion fruit and melon residues. Therefore acerola residue presented lesser DMI than others residues. Passion fruit residue presented higter DMD than all residues studied. The acerola and guava residues presented small DMD. The fruits residues studied can be used in animal feeding, because presented IMD and DMD similar to forages of good quality

Filterability and Sludge Concentration in Membrane Bioreactors

The Thesis entitled “Filterability and Sludge Concentration in Membrane Bioreactors” aims at explaining the relation between Mixed Liquid Suspended Solids (MLSS) concentration, the amount of solids in the wastewater being treated, also designated as sludge, and filterability, being the ability of the sludge to be filtrated through a membrane, in a wastewater treatment system designated as Membrane Bioreactor (MBR). An MBR is a wastewater treatment system that combines an activated sludge process with a filtration process relying on membranes to separate sludge from clean water. The clean water produced by an MBR, also designated as permeate, is largely disinfected and has extensive reuse potential. The experimental procedures described in this thesis took place in 4 full-scale MBRs and 4 pilot-scale MBRs scattered across Europe. The relation between MLSS and filterability was explained through the sludge structure resulting in the definition of optimal MLSS concentrations for design and operation of municipal MBRs, information that was unclear until today. Improved MBR design and operation control would be achieved by placing the membrane in aeration tanks, intended for removal of carbon materials and nutrients, and operating at the lowest possible MLSS concentration. Additionally, a straightforward methodology was defined to verify membrane integrity and permeate MBR quality.WatermanagementCivil Engineering and Geoscience

Effect of sludge characteristics on optimal required dosage of flux enhancer in anaerobic membrane bioreactors

Fouling is a major challenge for the economic feasibility and applicability of membrane bioreactors. Several strategies have been proposed for fouling control, and among them, addition of flux enhancers (FE) have shown promising results. Previous research revealed a high variability of the required optimal dosage of FE for different types of sludge; however, studies analysing the causes for such variability are lacking. Therefore, this research examines the effect of sludge characteristics on the optimal FE dosage required for sludge filterability improvement (Dopt). We applied the cationic polymer Adifloc KD451 as FE, and determined Dopt with short-term cross-flow filtration tests. Sludge samples were obtained from five different pilot and full-scale anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) treating municipal or industrial wastewater. Results showed that Dopt was significantly correlated with colloidal organic matter concentration, sludge filterability, capillary suction time, and concentration of soluble polysaccharides. Furthermore, we derived empirical models to predict Dopt based on the significantly correlated sludge characteristics as input variables. This research identifies the factors affecting the required dosage of FE for different sludges and provides guidelines for safe continuous dosing of FE in AnMBR for fouling control.</p

Effect of sludge characteristics on optimal required dosage of flux enhancer in anaerobic membrane bioreactors

Fouling is a major challenge for the economic feasibility and applicability of membrane bioreactors. Several strategies have been proposed for fouling control, and among them, addition of flux enhancers (FE) have shown promising results. Previous research revealed a high variability of the required optimal dosage of FE for different types of sludge; however, studies analysing the causes for such variability are lacking. Therefore, this research examines the effect of sludge characteristics on the optimal FE dosage required for sludge filterability improvement (Dopt). We applied the cationic polymer Adifloc KD451 as FE, and determined Dopt with short-term cross-flow filtration tests. Sludge samples were obtained from five different pilot and full-scale anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) treating municipal or industrial wastewater. Results showed that Dopt was significantly correlated with colloidal organic matter concentration, sludge filterability, capillary suction time, and concentration of soluble polysaccharides. Furthermore, we derived empirical models to predict Dopt based on the significantly correlated sludge characteristics as input variables. This research identifies the factors affecting the required dosage of FE for different sludges and provides guidelines for safe continuous dosing of FE in AnMBR for fouling control.Sanitary Engineerin