693 research outputs found
Enhance the Efficiency of Heuristic Algorithm for Maximizing Modularity Q
Modularity Q is an important function for identifying community structure in
complex networks. In this paper, we prove that the modularity maximization
problem is equivalent to a nonconvex quadratic programming problem. This result
provide us a simple way to improve the efficiency of heuristic algorithms for
maximizing modularity Q. Many numerical results demonstrate that it is very
effective.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure
Size reduction of complex networks preserving modularity
The ubiquity of modular structure in real-world complex networks is being the
focus of attention in many trials to understand the interplay between network
topology and functionality. The best approaches to the identification of
modular structure are based on the optimization of a quality function known as
modularity. However this optimization is a hard task provided that the
computational complexity of the problem is in the NP-hard class. Here we
propose an exact method for reducing the size of weighted (directed and
undirected) complex networks while maintaining invariant its modularity. This
size reduction allows the heuristic algorithms that optimize modularity for a
better exploration of the modularity landscape. We compare the modularity
obtained in several real complex-networks by using the Extremal Optimization
algorithm, before and after the size reduction, showing the improvement
obtained. We speculate that the proposed analytical size reduction could be
extended to an exact coarse graining of the network in the scope of real-space
renormalization.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figure
Comparing community structure identification
We compare recent approaches to community structure identification in terms
of sensitivity and computational cost. The recently proposed modularity measure
is revisited and the performance of the methods as applied to ad hoc networks
with known community structure, is compared. We find that the most accurate
methods tend to be more computationally expensive, and that both aspects need
to be considered when choosing a method for practical purposes. The work is
intended as an introduction as well as a proposal for a standard benchmark test
of community detection methods.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, 1 table. v2: condensed, updated version as
appears in JSTA
Deciphering Network Community Structure by Surprise
The analysis of complex networks permeates all sciences, from biology to
sociology. A fundamental, unsolved problem is how to characterize the community
structure of a network. Here, using both standard and novel benchmarks, we show
that maximization of a simple global parameter, which we call Surprise (S),
leads to a very efficient characterization of the community structure of
complex synthetic networks. Particularly, S qualitatively outperforms the most
commonly used criterion to define communities, Newman and Girvan's modularity
(Q). Applying S maximization to real networks often provides natural,
well-supported partitions, but also sometimes counterintuitive solutions that
expose the limitations of our previous knowledge. These results indicate that
it is possible to define an effective global criterion for community structure
and open new routes for the understanding of complex networks.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure
Nanoscale imaging of buried topological defects with quantitative X-ray magnetic microscopy
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License.-- et al.Advances in nanoscale magnetism increasingly require characterization tools providing detailed descriptions of magnetic configurations. Magnetic transmission X-ray microscopy produces element specific magnetic domain images with nanometric lateral resolution in films up to ∼100 nm thick. Here we present an imaging method using the angular dependence of magnetic contrast in a series of high resolution transmission X-ray microscopy images to obtain quantitative descriptions of the magnetization (canting angles relative to surface normal and sense). This method is applied to 55-120 nm thick ferromagnetic NdCo 5 layers (canting angles between 65° and 22°), and to a NdCo 5 film covered with permalloy. Interestingly, permalloy induces a 43° rotation of Co magnetization towards surface normal. Our method allows identifying complex topological defects (merons or 1/2 skyrmions) in a NdCo 5 film that are only partially replicated by the permalloy overlayer. These results open possibilities for the characterization of deeply buried magnetic topological defects, nanostructures and devices.Work supported by Spanish MINECO under grant FIS2013-45469. A. Hierro-Rodriguez acknowledges support from FCT of Portugal (Grant SFRH/BPD/90471/2012). C. Blanco-Roldán thanks support from CSIC JAE Predoc Program.Peer Reviewe
Hot Streaks in Artistic, Cultural, and Scientific Careers
The hot streak, loosely defined as winning begets more winnings, highlights a
specific period during which an individual's performance is substantially
higher than her typical performance. While widely debated in sports, gambling,
and financial markets over the past several decades, little is known if hot
streaks apply to individual careers. Here, building on rich literature on
lifecycle of creativity, we collected large-scale career histories of
individual artists, movie directors and scientists, tracing the artworks,
movies, and scientific publications they produced. We find that, across all
three domains, hit works within a career show a high degree of temporal
regularity, each career being characterized by bursts of high-impact works
occurring in sequence. We demonstrate that these observations can be explained
by a simple hot-streak model we developed, allowing us to probe quantitatively
the hot streak phenomenon governing individual careers, which we find to be
remarkably universal across diverse domains we analyzed: The hot streaks are
ubiquitous yet unique across different careers. While the vast majority of
individuals have at least one hot streak, hot streaks are most likely to occur
only once. The hot streak emerges randomly within an individual's sequence of
works, is temporally localized, and is unassociated with any detectable change
in productivity. We show that, since works produced during hot streaks garner
significantly more impact, the uncovered hot streaks fundamentally drives the
collective impact of an individual, ignoring which leads us to systematically
over- or under-estimate the future impact of a career. These results not only
deepen our quantitative understanding of patterns governing individual
ingenuity and success, they may also have implications for decisions and
policies involving predicting and nurturing individuals with lasting impact
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