Determination of the chromospheric quiet network element area index and its variation during 2008-2011

Generally it has been considered that the plages and sunspots are the main contributors to the solar irradiance. There are small scale structures on the sun with intermediate magnetic fields that could also contribute to the solar irradiance. It has not yet been quantified how much of these small scale structures contribute to the solar irradiance and how much it varies over the solar cycle. In this paper, we used Ca II K images obtained from the telescope installed at Kodaikanal observatory. We report a method to separate the network elements from the background structure and plage regions. We compute the changes in the network element area index during the minimum phase of solar cycle and part of the ascending phase of cycle 24. The measured area occupied by the network elements is about 30% and plages less than 1% of the solar disk during the observation period from February 2008-2011. During the extended period of minimum activity it is observed that the network element area index decreases by about 7% compared to the area occupied by the network elements in 2008. A long term study of network element area index is required to understand the variations over the solar cycle.Comment: 12 pages, 9 Figures, Accepted for publication in RA

Evaluation of a multidisciplinary Tier 3 weight management service for adults with morbid obesity, or obesity and comorbidities, based in primary care

A multidisciplinary Tier 3 weight management service in primary care recruited patients with a body mass index ≥40 kg·m−2, or 30 kg·m−2 with obesity-related co-morbidity to a 1-year programme. A cohort of 230 participants was recruited and evaluated using the National Obesity Observatory Standard Evaluation Framework. The primary outcome was weight loss of at least 5% of baseline weight at 12 months. Diet was assessed using the two-item food frequency questionnaire, activity using the General Practice Physical Activity questionnaire and quality of life using the EuroQol-5D-5L questionnaire. A focus group explored the participants' experiences. Baseline mean weight was 124.4 kg and mean body mass index was 44.1 kg·m−2. A total of 102 participants achieved 5% weight loss at 12 months. The mean weight loss was 10.2 kg among the 117 participants who completed the 12-month programme. Baseline observation carried forward analysis gave a mean weight loss of 5.9 kg at 12 months. Fruit and vegetable intake, activity level and quality of life all improved. The dropout rate was 14.3% at 6 months and 45.1% at 1 year. Focus group participants described high levels of satisfaction. It was possible to deliver a Tier 3 weight management service for obese patients with complex co-morbidity in a primary care setting with a full multidisciplinary team, which obtained good health outcomes compared with existing services

6-Amino-3,4-dimethyl-4-phenyl-2H,4H-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carbonitrile

In the title compound, C15H14N4O, the pyrazole ring is aligned at 88.23 (4)° with respect to the aromatic ring and at 3.75 (4)° with respect to the pyran ring. In the crystal, N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link adjacent mol­ecules into a linear chain motif. C—H⋯N inter­actions are also observed

Lithological Discrimination of Anorthosite using ASTER data in Oddanchatram Area, Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, India

The present study applies with hyperspectral remote sensing techniques to map the lithology of the Oddanchatram anorthosite. The hyperspectral data were subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF), Pixel Purity Index (PPI) and n-Dimensional Visualization for better lithology mapping. The proposed study area has various typical rock types. The PCA, ICA and MNF have been proposed best band combination for effectiveness of lithological mapping such as PCA (R: G: B=2:1:3), MNF (R: G: B=4:3:2) and ICA (R: G: B=3:1:2). The derived lithological map has compared with published geological map from Geological Survey of India and validated with field investigation. Therefore, ASTER data based lithological mapping are fast, cost-effective and more accurate

Clinical Outcomes of Rotator Cuff Repair With Subacromial Bursa Reimplantation: A Retrospective Cohort Study

BACKGROUND: The subacromial bursa has been found to be a rich, local, source of mesenchymal stem cells but is removed for visualization during rotator cuff repair. Reimplantation of this tissue may improve rotator cuff healing. The purpose of this study is to evaluate clinical outcomes of rotator cuff repair with and without subacromial bursa reimplantation. METHODS: Patients aged 37-77 with a full-thickness or near full-thickness supraspinatus tears underwent arthroscopic transosseous-equivalent double row rotator cuff repair. In patients prior to July 2019, the subacromial bursa was resected for visualization, and discarded. In patients after July 2019, the subacromial bursa was collected using a filtration device connected to an arthroscopic shaver and reapplied to the bursal surface of the tendon at the completion of the rotator cuff repair. Rotator cuff integrity was evaluated via magnetic resonance imaging on bursa patients at 6 months postoperatively. Minimum 18-month clinical outcomes (Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, patient satisfaction) were compared between bursa and nonbursa cohorts. RESULTS: A total of 136 patients were included in the study (control n = 110, bursa n = 26). Preoperative demographics and tear characteristics were not different between groups. Average follow-up was significantly longer in the control group (control: 3.2 ± 0.7 years; bursa: 1.8 ± 0.3 years; CONCLUSION: Augmentation of rotator cuff repair with bursal tissue does not appear to have negative effects, and given the accessibility and ease of harvest of this tissue, further research should be performed to evaluate its potential for improved tendon healing or clinical outcomes

Ethyl 6-amino-5-cyano-2,4-bis­(4-methyl­phen­yl)-4H-pyran-3-carboxyl­ate

In the title compound, C23H22N2O3, the pyran ring adopts a twisted boat conformation. The tolyl rings and carboxyl­ate group are attached to the pyran ring with torsion angles of −77.1 (2), 59.5 (3) and 17.8 (3)°, respectively. The ethyl group is disordered over two orientations with a site-occupancy ratio of 0.508 (5):0.492 (5). In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating a chain running the a axis. Weak C—H⋯O, C—H⋯N and C—H⋯π inter­actions are also observed

CLUSTERING BASED ROUTING FOR DELAY- TOLERANT NETWORKS

ABSTRACT Delay-tolerant networking (DTN) is an approach to computer network Clustering significantly reduces the energy consumption of a cluster. In this paper, a cluster based routing protocol for Delay-Tolerant Mobile Networks (DTMNs) is used. Exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) scheme is employed for on-line updating region contact probability, with its mean proven to converge to the true contact probability. The gateway nodes exchange network information and perform routing. It uses clustering's structure to decrease overhead, average end-to-end delay and improve the average packet delivery ratio

Ethyl 2-(6-amino-5-cyano-3,4-dimethyl-2H,4H-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazol-4-yl)acetate

In he title compound, C13H16N4O3, the pyrazole ring is planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.054 Å). The pyran ring is not planar; the mean plane makes a dihedral angle of 1.9 (1)° with the pyrazole ring. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O inter­actions lead to a linear chain motif

Tibia Fracture Healing Prediction Using First-Order Mathematical Model

The prediction of healing period of a tibia fracture in humans across limb using first-order mathematical model is demonstrated. At present, fracture healing is diagnosed using X-rays. Recent studies have demonstrated electric stimulation as a diagnostic tool in fracture healing. A DC electric voltage of 0.7 V was applied across the fracture and stabilized with Teflon coated carbon rings and the data was recorded at different time intervals until the fracture heals. The experimental data fitted a first-order plus dead time zero model (FOPDTZ) that coincided with the mathematical model of electrical simulated tibia fracture limb. Fracture healing diagnosis was proposed using model parameter process gain. Current stabilization in terms of process gain parameter becoming constant indicates that the healing of fracture is a new finding in the work. An error analysis was performed and it was observed that the measured data correlated to the FOPDTZ model with an error of less than 2 percent. Prediction of fracture healing period was done by one of the identified model parameters, namely, process gain. Moreover, mathematically, it is justified that once the fracture is completely united there is no capacitance present across the fracture site, which is a novelty of the work