Resolving single molecule structures with Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond.

We present theoretical proposals for two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy protocols based on Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond that are strongly coupled to the target nuclei. Continuous microwave and radio-frequency driving fields together with magnetic field gradients achieve Hartmann-Hahn resonances between NV spin sensor and selected nuclei for control of nuclear spins and subsequent measurement of their polarization dynamics. The strong coupling between the NV sensor and the nuclei facilitates coherence control of nuclear spins and relaxes the requirement of nuclear spin polarization to achieve strong signals and therefore reduced measurement times. Additionally, we employ a singular value thresholding matrix completion algorithm to further reduce the amount of data required to permit the identification of key features in the spectra of strongly sub-sampled data. We illustrate the potential of this combined approach by applying the protocol to a shallowly implanted NV center addressing a small amino acid, alanine, to target specific hydrogen nuclei and to identify the corresponding peaks in their spectra

Keyed Non-Parametric Hypothesis Tests

The recent popularity of machine learning calls for a deeper understanding of AI security. Amongst the numerous AI threats published so far, poisoning attacks currently attract considerable attention. In a poisoning attack the opponent partially tampers the dataset used for learning to mislead the classifier during the testing phase. This paper proposes a new protection strategy against poisoning attacks. The technique relies on a new primitive called keyed non-parametric hypothesis tests allowing to evaluate under adversarial conditions the training input's conformance with a previously learned distribution $\mathfrak{D}$. To do so we use a secret key $\kappa$ unknown to the opponent. Keyed non-parametric hypothesis tests differs from classical tests in that the secrecy of $\kappa$ prevents the opponent from misleading the keyed test into concluding that a (significantly) tampered dataset belongs to $\mathfrak{D}$.Comment: Paper published in NSS 201

Барботажное активирование растворов и роль этого явления в природных и технологических процессах

Розглянуті можливі молекулярні механізми структурування води та міжфазної поверхні газ/вода у розчинах. Показано, що барботажна активація (БА) відбувається шляхом підвищення структурної температури води і веде до підвищення хімічної активності молекул Н2О та розчиненого кисню. Встановлено, що БА має квазірівноважний характер. Тому при зовнішніх впливах на лініях змін рН і Eh появляються характерні піки або сходинки, які можна використовувати для дослідження взаємодії розчинів з різними твердими матеріалами. Запропонована модель структурних перетворень, яка може пояснити, чому негативно заряджені бульбашки газів утворюють позитивно заряджені краплинки морських аерозолів.The possible molecular mechanisms of water structuring and between the surfaces of gas/water in the solutions are considered. It was shown that barbotage activation (BA) occurs by increasing the structural temperature of water and causes increasing of chemical activity of H2O and dissolved oxygen. It is established that BA has quasi equilibrium character. Therefore external influences on the lines of changes of pH and Eh characteristic peaks or steps appear that can be used to investigate the interaction of solutions with different solid materials. The proposed model of structural transformation may explain why negatively charged bubbles of gas form positively charged droplets of sea spray.Рассмотрены возможные молекулярные механизмы структурирования воды и междуфазной поверхности газ/вода в растворах. Показано, что барботажная активация (БА) происходит путем повышения структурной температуры воды и ведет к повышению химической активности молекул Н2О и растворимого кислорода. Установлено, что БА имеет квазиравновесный характер. Поэтому при внешних воздействиях на линиях изменений рН и Eh появляются характерные пики или ступеньки, которые можно использовать для исследования взаимодействия растворов с различными твердыми материалами. Предложена модель структурных преобразований, которая может объяснить, почему отрицательно заряженные пузырьки газов образуют положительно заряженные капельки морских аэрозолей

Evolution of reproductive isolation of spodoptera frugiperda

Spodoptera frugiperda, the fall armyworm, is a noctuid moth occurring in North and South America. In this species, two host strains have been identified in the late 1980s (Pashley et al. 1985; Pashley 1986), a so-called corn-strain and a so-called rice-strain. The two strains differ in mitochondrial DNA sequences in the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase 1(ND1) genes. There are also strain-specific amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), restriction length fragment polymorphisms (RFLP), a so-called Frugiperda Rice (FR) repetitive nuclear DNA sequence, present in high copy number in the rice-strain and mostly lower copy number in the corn-strain and nucleotide polymorphisms within the triose phosphate isomerase gene (Tpi). Recently, sex pheromone differences have been found between populations of the two strains. However, these differences were not consistent between the studies, suggesting that geographic variation may be confounded with strain-specific variation, or that pheromones may vary within strains as well. The relative importance of the pheromone differences between the two strains still needs to be established, i.e. are males of the two strains differentially attracted to the different pheromone blends. Since other physiological, developmental, and behavioral differences have been found between the strains, in this overview we integrate strain-specific variation in sexual communication with other possible pre- and postmating barriers that are likely involved in the differentiation between the two strains.Fil: Groot, Astrid T.. University of Amsterdam; Países BajosFil: Unbehend, Melanie. Instituto Max Planck Institut für Chemische Okologie; AlemaniaFil: Hänniger, Sabine. Instituto Max Planck Institut für Chemische Okologie; AlemaniaFil: Juárez, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Kost, Silvia. Instituto Max Planck Institut für Chemische Okologie; AlemaniaFil: Heckel, David G.. Instituto Max Planck Institut für Chemische Okologie; Alemani

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas are associated with basal proliferating actinic keratoses

Background: In addition to the extent of atypical keratinocytes throughout the epidermis, actinic keratoses (AKs) are histologically characterized by downward directed basal layer expansion. It is not known if this growth pattern correlates with the risk of developing invasive squamous cell carcinoma (iSCC). Objective: To characterize the prevalence of downward directed basal layer expansion of AKs adjacent to iSCC. Methods: The epidermis overlying and adjacent to iSCCs was assessed histologically. We determined the histological grade (AKI‐III), basal growth pattern (PROI‐III) and accompanying parameters such as adnexal involvement. Results: Of 307 lesions, 52.4% of AKs were histologically classified as AKI, 38.1% as AKII, and 6.8% as AKIII (chi‐squared; P<0.0001). 2.6% of adjacent epidermis did not show any atypical keratinocytes. The epidermis adjacent to iSCCs was classified as having a PROI basal growth pattern in 25.7%, PROII in 31.9%, and PROIII in 39.4% cases. 2.9% of AKs showed no basal growth (chi‐squared; P<0.0001).118 (48.8%) AKs showed extension into adnexal structures. These AKs were graded as PROI in 18.6%, PROII in 30.5%, and PROIII in 50.8%. The epidermis above iSCCs could only be assessed for upwards directed growth and showed no significant differences in the three AK grades (P=0.4211). Conclusions: Basal proliferative AKs as well as atypical keratinocytes restricted to the lower third of the epidermis are most commonly seen adjacent to iSCC with less evidence for full thickness epidermal dysplasia. Our study supports the important role of dysplastic keratinocytes in the epidermal basal layer and their potential association with iSCC

An elementary proof of uniqueness of the particle trajectories for solutions of a class of shear-thinning non-Newtonian 2D fluids

We prove some regularity results for a class of two dimensional non-Newtonian fluids. By applying results from [Dashti and Robinson, Nonlinearity, 22 (2009), 735-746] we can then show uniqueness of particle trajectories