Low energy radioactive ion beams at SPES for nuclear physics and medical applications

Over the past decades many accelerator facilities have been built in order to produce radioactive nuclei. Among the falcility under construction, SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) is the Italian ISOL (Isotope Separation On Line) facility in the installation phase in these years in the Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro. The innovative aspect of this facility is that the radioactive beam produced by fission induced by the proton beam, produced by a high power cyclotron, interact with a multi-disks uranium carbide target. The formed RIB will be sent directly to the low energy experimental area and, afterwards, to the post-acceleration complex. Currently the installation program concerning the SPES RIB source provides the set-up of the apparatus around the production bunker. The main objective of SPES project is to provide, in the next years, the first low-energy radioactive beams for beta decay experiments using the b-DS (beta Decay Station) set-up and for radiopharmaceutical applications by means of the IRIS (ISOLPHARM Radioactive Implantation Station) apparatus. In this work, all the specific issues related to the SPES RIB and the Low Energy beam lines will be reported. The main RIB systems, such as ion source systems, target-handling devices and the installation of low energy transport line, will be presented in detail

Effect of Nitrogen Levels and Planting Methods on Growth and Yield of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Background: Compared to other types of rice, black rice  has the highest protein content vitamins and minerals. Black rice contains essential amino acids like lysine, tryptophan; vitamins such as vitamin B1, vitamin B2, folic acid; and it is a good source of minerals including iron, zinc, calcium, phosphorus and selenium. Objectives: Impact of nitrogen levels and planting methods on black rice growth and production. Methods:  A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2021, at crop research farm of Department of Agronomy at Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj in North Eastern plains of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. under randomized block design comprising of 9 treatments of which treatments (T1-T9) with different combination of nitrogen along with different planting meathods which are replicated thrice. Conclusion: The treatment Nitrogen at 75 kg/ha nitrogen + SRI  method recorded maximum. Plant height (118.13 cm), number of tillers/hill (11.00), plant dry weight (31.62 g/plant), number of panicles per hill (10.83), number of grains per panicle (196.70), number of filled grains per panicle (116.33), grain yield (4.61 t/ha) and straw yield (11.38 t/ha). Because the findings are based on research conducted during a single season, they may be repeated for further confirmation

New solid state laser system for SPES: Selective Production of Exotic Species project at Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro

The Selective Production of Exotic Species project is under construction at Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro-INFN. The aim of the collaboration is to produce highly pure Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) from fission fragments of a uranium carbide (UCx) target activated by a cyclotron proton beam. In order to select a specific atomic species, the main tool to be applied is the resonant laser ionization technique. We have just completed the installation of a dedicated all solid state laser system whose elements are tunable to transitions of all the elements/isotopes of interest for the project. The new laser system is based on three Titanium:sapphire laser sources, independently pumped by three Nd:YLF pump lasers, and it can be coupled to two high harmonic generation (second harmonic generation, third harmonic generation, and fourth harmonic generation) setups. The power, wavelength, and position of the laser beams are continuously monitored and stabilized by using automated active systems to improve the beam production stability of RIBs. This paper presents the main features of the laser system and examples of application of a laser ion source, including a first demonstration of photoionization of stable silver, one of the most requested elements for RIB application

Fusion of C12+Mg24 far below the barrier: Evidence for the hindrance effect

Background: The phenomenon of fusion hindrance may have important consequences on the nuclear processes occurring in astrophysical scenarios, if it is a general behavior of heavy-ion fusion at extreme subbarrier energies, including reactions involving lighter systems, e.g., reactions in the carbon and oxygen burning stages of heavy stars. The hindrance is generally identified by the observation of a maximum of the S-factor vs energy. Whether there is an S-factor maximum at very low energies for systems with a positive fusion Q value is an experimentally challenging question.Purpose: Our aim has been to search for evidence of fusion hindrance in C-12 + (24)g which is a medium-light m system with positive Q value for fusion, besides the heavier cases where hindrance is recognized to be a general phenomenon. C-12 + (24)mg is very close to the O-16 + O-16 and C-12 + C-12 systems that are important for the late evolution of heavy stars.Methods: The experiment has been performed in inverse kinematics using the Mg-24 beam from the XTU Tandem accelerator of LNL in the energy range 26-52 MeV with an intensity of 4-8 pnA. The targets were C-12 evaporations 50 mu g/cm(2) thick, isotopically enriched to 99.9%. The fusion-evaporation residues were detected at small angles by a E-Delta E-ToF detector telescope following an electrostatic beam deflector.Results: Previous measurements of fusion cross section for C-1(2) + (24)g were limited to above-barrier energies. m In the present experiment the excitation function has been extended down to similar or equal to 15 mu b and it appears that the S factor develops a clear maximum vs energy, indicating the presence of hindrance. This is the first convincing evidence of an S factor maximum in a medium-light system with a positive fusion Q value. These results have been fitted following a recently suggested method and a detailed analysis within the coupled-channels model that has been performed using a Woods-Saxon potential and including the ground state rotational band of 24 Mg. The coupled-channels calculations give a good account of the data near and above the barrier but overpredict the cross sections at very low energies.Conclusions: The hindrance phenomenon is clearly observed in C-12 + Mg-24, and its energy threshold is in reasonable agreement with the systematics observed for several medium-light systems. The fusion cross sections at the hindrance threshold show that the highest value (sigma(s) = 1.6 mb) is indeed found for this system. Therefore it may even be possible to extend the measurements further down in energy to better establish the position of the S-factor maximum

A NEW PRODUCTION METHOD OF HIGH SPECIFIC ACTIVITY RADIONUCLIDES TOWARDS INNOVATIVE RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS: THE ISOLPHARM PROJECT

Radionuclides of interest in nuclear medicine are generally produced in cyclotrons or nuclear reactors, with associated issues such as highly enriched target costs and undesired contaminants. The ISOLPHARM project (ISOL technique for radioPHARMaceuticals) explores the feasibility of producing extremely high specific activity β-emitting radionuclides as radiopharmaceutical precursors. This technique is expected to produce radiopharmaceuticals very hardly obtained in standard production facilities. Radioactive isotopes will be obtained from nuclear reactions induced by accelerating 40 MeV protons in a cyclotron to collide on a UCx target. By means of: high working temperatures and high vacuum conditions, the migration of the radioactive elements towards an ion source, a potential difference up to 40 kV, and a mass separation device, an isobaric beam of desired radionuclides will be produced and implanted on a deposition target. The availability of innovative isotopes can potentially open a new generation of radiopharmaceuticals, based on nuclides never studied so far. Among these, a very promising isotope could be Ag-111, a β- emitter with a half-life (7.45 d), an average β- energy of 360 keV, a tissue penetration of around 1 mm, and a low percentage of γ-emission. The proof of principle studies on Ag-111 production and radiolabeling are currently under investigation in the ISOLPHARM_EIRA project, where both its production and possible application as a radiopharmaceutical precursor will be evaluated in its computational/physics, radiochemistry, and radiobiology tasks. Currently, innovative macromolecules meeting the specific requirements for the chelation and targeted delivery of Ag-111 are being developed, which will be further tested in vitro on 2D and 3D models, as well as in vivo for their pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential onto xenograft models

The isolpharm project at LNL: a new production method of high specific activity radionuclides towards innovative radiopharmaceuticals

Radionuclides of interest in nuclear medicine are generally produced in cyclotrons or nuclear reactors, with associated issues such as highly enriched target costs and undesired contaminants. The ISOLPHARM project (ISOL technique for radioPHARMaceuticals) explores the feasibility of producing extremely high specific activity β-emitting radionuclides as radiopharmaceutical precursors. This technique is expected to produce radiopharmaceuticals very hardly obtained in standard production facilities. Radioactive isotopes will be obtained from nuclear reactions induced by accelerating 40 MeV protons in a cyclotron to collide on a UCx target. By means of: high working temperatures and high vacuum conditions; the migration of the radioactive elements towards an ion source; a potential difference up to 40 kV and a mass separation device, an isobaric beam of desired radionuclides will be produced and implanted on a deposition target. The availability of innovative isotopes can potentially open a new generation of radiopharmaceuticals, based on nuclides never studied so far. Among these, a very promising isotope could be 111Ag, a β- emitter with a medium half-life (7.45 d), an average β- energy of 360 keV, a tissue penetration of around 1 mm, and a low percentage of γ-emission. The proof of principle studies on 111Ag production and radiolabeling are currently under investigation in the ISOLPHARM_EIRA project, where both its production and possible application as a radiopharmaceutical precursor will be evaluated in its computational/physics, radiochemistry, and radiobiology tasks. Currently, innovative macromolecules meeting the specific requirements for the chelation and targeted delivery of 111Ag are being developed, which will be further tested in vitro on 2D and 3D models, as well as in vivo for their pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential onto xenograft models